# 文法閱讀筆記 13:名詞子句(上)
少數例句原講解中未完整口述出完整英文句子,以下已依據老師的結構線索重建語意一致的例句,供學習參考。
# 一、什麼是名詞子句?
一般名詞可以在句子裡擔任主詞、受詞、補語。如果一整串「長得像句子」的結構被拿來充當名詞使用(一樣可以當主詞、受詞、補語),這種結構就叫名詞子句。
| 功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 主詞 | That Andrea was caught for shoplifting was not surprising to us all.(Andrea 因偷竊被抓這件事,我們都不感到驚訝) |
| 受詞 | I'm just wondering how the accident happened.(我只是想知道意外是怎麼發生的) |
| 補語 | I'm ashamed that I have such a friend like him.(有他這樣的朋友,我感到很羞愧;子句補充說明 ashamed 的原因) |
# 二、名詞子句的三種類型(依引導詞分類)
# 1. That 子句(從陳述句轉化)
只要在一個完整的陳述句前方加上 that,就能把它轉化為名詞子句。that 不帶任何語意。
- The prisoner has slipped away. → Nobody noticed that the prisoner had slipped away.(that 子句作 noticed 的受詞)
- We regret that you did not find our product satisfactory.(that 子句作 regret 的受詞)
- That Mia will be home for Thanksgiving makes her family very happy.(that 子句作主詞)
# 2. Whether / If 子句(從 Yes/No Question 轉化)
先將 Yes/No 問句中的 be 動詞 / 助動詞移回主詞後方(還原成陳述句語序),再於句首加上 whether 或 if。這類子句的引導詞通常翻譯為「是否」,而非「無論」或「如果」。
- Can I go to the concert with you? → Whether/If I can go to the concert with you depends on my parents.*(是否能去看演唱會,取決於我父母)
- There are several ways to determine if a computer has a virus or not.(確認電腦是否中毒)
若誤把此處 if 讀成「如果」,語意就會不通 —— 這是名詞子句的 if,不是副詞子句的 if,兩者不可混淆。
- The manager was doubtful whether the report was accurate.(whether 子句作補語,補充說明 doubtful 的內容)
# 3. WH 子句(從 WH Question 轉化)
將 WH 問句中的 be 動詞 / 助動詞移回主詞後方即可。引導詞通常保留原本疑問詞的語意(where→哪裡、who→誰、which→哪個、how much→多少……)。
- Where should they apply for jobs after college? → Many graduates do not know where they should apply for jobs after college.
- How often people change careers is the subject of our new study.*(how often=多久一次,子句作主詞)
- Researchers are not 100% sure what side effects the medicine might have.(what 子句作補語,補充 not sure 的內容)
問句與名詞子句的唯一結構差異:名詞子句內部的 be 動詞 / 助動詞必須回到主詞後方(不像問句提前)。
# 三、名詞子句的功能詳解
###(一)作主詞
當討論的核心不是單一的人或物,而是「一整件事」時,主詞位置就會用名詞子句:
- That Jimmy got a full scholarship surprised everyone.(Jimmy 拿到全額獎學金這件事讓大家驚訝)
- How you think affects your approach to success.(你如何思考,影響了你追求成功的方式)
- Whether the new TV commercial makes any difference remains to be seen.(新廣告是否有用,還有待觀察)
重要:名詞子句作主詞時,代表一個單一獨立事件,後方動詞一律用單數形態(如上面例句的 affects、remains)。
# (二)作受詞
動詞的受詞:
- Her book shows how some chemicals were harming the nation's wildlife.
某些動詞需要兩個受詞(授予動詞),子句可作第二受詞:
- The flight attendant asked me if I wanted another drink.(asked me + if 子句,如同 asked me a question 的結構)
介系詞的受詞:
- Some scientists are working hard at how tide can be harnessed to produce electricity.
- The player declined to answer questions about whether he used steroids.
# (三)作補語
1. 形容詞的補語(放在形容詞後方,補充說明):
- We are confident that we can deal with any challenge.
- We are curious what made you decide to accept this position.
2. 名詞的補語,可再細分三種:
- 主詞補語(SVC 句型中,補充說明主詞):
- The good news is that the murderer is now under arrest.
- The unemployment rate remains what it was 10 years earlier.
- 受詞補語(SVOC 句型中,補充說明受詞):
- Constant effort has made him what he is now.(constant effort 造就了他現在的樣子)
- I consider each relationship what helps me to grow.
- 同位語(放在名詞後方,指涉同一件事,做進一步補充;概念上等同一般名詞片語當同位語,如 Marcus, my sister's hamster, likes to run in the wheel.):
- His excuse that he had been stuck in a traffic jam was not true.(excuse=that 子句,指同一件事)
- Many studies support the argument that the internet is making us more stupid.
3. 虛主詞/虛受詞的補語(也算同位語的一種,因為子句與 it 指涉同一件事):
- That so many people live to be 100 or older these days is not surprising. → It is not surprising that so many people live to be 100 or older these days.
- It is a fact that the media influences teens in several ways.
- The doctor made it clear to the mother-to-be that the test was not without risk.(it 為虛受詞,clear 為補語,that 子句補充說明 it 的內容)
# 四、例句精讀分析
示範例句: That smoking causes health problems has been known for many years.
- 子句:That smoking causes health problems(that 不具語意;子句作主詞,故動詞用單數 has been known)。
- 語意:抽菸有害健康,多年來大家都知道。
1. There is no objection to what you proposed.
- 子句:what you proposed(what=東西,作介系詞 to 的受詞)。
- 語意:你提議的東西,沒有人反對。
2. Purpose is what gives life a meaning.
- 子句:what gives life a meaning(what 作 gives 的主詞;子句作主詞補語,補充說明 purpose)。
- 語意:目標賦予了生活意義。
3. No one knew if the rumor about the layoffs was true.
- 子句:if the rumor about the layoffs was true(if=是否;子句作 knew 的受詞)。
- 語意:沒有人知道關於裁員的謠言是否屬實。
4. Why the dog keeps barking is beyond me.
- 子句:Why the dog keeps barking(why=為什麼;子句作主詞)。
- 語意:我搞不懂那隻狗為什麼一直叫個不停。
5. I like to keep a schedule of when I have upcoming appointments.
- 子句:when I have upcoming appointments(when=時間;子句作介系詞 of 的受詞)。
- 語意:我喜歡把接下來的預約時間都記錄下來。
6. I think it odd that she never visited us these days.
- 子句:that she never visited us these days(that 不具語意;it 為虛受詞,odd 為補語,子句為同位語,補充說明 it 的內容)。
- 語意:我覺得奇怪的是,她這幾天都沒來看我們。
7. What defines a person's success varies from person to person.
- 子句:What defines a person's success(what 作 defines 的主詞;success 為 defines 的受詞;整個子句作 varies 的主詞)。
- 語意:定義一個人是否成功的標準,因人而異。
8. At this point we can't say when the flight will take off.
- 子句:when the flight will take off(when=何時;子句作 say 的受詞)。
- 語意:此時此刻,我們無法判斷班機確切何時能夠起飛。
9. Whether capital punishment prevents crime has been the subject of many debates.
- 子句:Whether capital punishment prevents crime(whether=是否;crime 為 prevents 的受詞;整個子句作主詞,故動詞用單數 has been)。
- 語意:死刑是否能預防犯罪,一直是許多辯論的主題。
10. Researchers were curious whether the level of air pollution affects residents' health.
- 子句:whether the level of air pollution affects residents' health(whether=是否;子句作形容詞 curious 的補語)。
- 語意:研究人員好奇空氣污染的程度是否會影響居民的健康。
# 五、重點整理
- 名詞子句=拿一整串子句結構當名詞用,可作主詞、受詞、補語。
- 三種類型:that 子句(陳述句 + that,that 不具語意)、whether/if 子句(源自 Yes/No 問句,翻譯為「是否」)、wh 子句(源自 WH 問句,保留疑問詞原本語意)。
- 名詞子句作主詞時代表單一事件,動詞需用單數。
- 補語的三種細分:形容詞補語、名詞補語(主詞補語/受詞補語/同位語)、虛主詞或虛受詞的補語(也視為同位語)。
- 更多名詞子句的深入細節,將在下一篇「名詞子句(下)」繼續討論。