# 文法閱讀筆記 10:形容詞子句(上)
# 一、為什麼需要形容詞子句?
一般形容詞(如 many、expensive、interested)放在名詞前方修飾。但當我們想表達的修飾概念很大、很複雜,無法用一個單字說完時(例如「站在門口旁邊的那個女人」),就需要用一整串「長得很像句子」的結構來修飾名詞 —— 這就是形容詞子句。
- 一般形容詞:放在名詞前方。
- 形容詞子句:放在名詞後方,往前修飾。
The woman who is standing by the door(站在門口旁邊的那個女人)
先行詞(Antecedent):被形容詞子句修飾的名詞(一定位於子句前方)。
關係代名詞(Relative Pronoun,簡稱關代):形容詞子句開頭的引導詞,因此形容詞子句又稱關係子句。
# 二、關係代名詞總表
| 格位 | 指人 | 指事物 |
|---|---|---|
| 主格 | who | which |
| 受格 | whom | which |
| 所有格 | whose | whose |
| 主格 / 受格皆可,指人或事物皆可 | that | that |
關代本身不具語意,絕對不要把 who/which/whose 翻成「誰/那個」,that 也不要翻成「那個」。
關代的兩個功能:
- 指涉先行詞(讓我們知道子句和前方哪個名詞有關聯)。
- 在子句內部擔任成分(主詞、受詞,或所有格)。
# 三、先行詞與子句的距離
大部分時候,形容詞子句緊跟在先行詞後面:
- Those who know me all call me Peter.(認識我的人都叫我 Peter)
- Please turn in the application form which Anthony gave you by Friday.(週五前繳交 Anthony 給你的申請表)
但只要不會造成語意混淆,先行詞和關代之間可以夾雜其他字:
- I met a man at work who went to the same college as you did.(who 指人,讀者自然知道先行詞是 a man,而非 work)
- I met someone last night whose brother works in your department.(whose brother 暗示先行詞是人,故指 someone 而非 night)
原則:形容詞子句永遠往前修飾;使用時應遵守「就近原則」,子句盡量緊貼先行詞,避免夾雜造成誤解的字詞。
# 四、修飾「整句」的形容詞子句
有時候形容詞子句不是修飾某個名詞,而是修飾前方一整件事情:
- Her sales team didn't meet the monthly quota, which doesn't surprise me.(不是「業績配額」不讓我驚訝,而是「沒達標這件事」不讓我驚訝)
- Sophia gets paid a bit more now, which means she can afford to run the car.(薪水變高「這件事」意味著她付得起養車費用)
判斷規則:
- 修飾整句的形容詞子句,關代一定是 which(不可能是 that,也不可能是 who)。
- 子句前方一定有逗點。
- 但反過來不一定成立:which 前面有逗點,不代表一定是修飾整句 —— 仍要靠語意判斷,可能只是單純修飾前面那個名詞:
- That was the first fatal accident for Southwest Airlines, which was founded in 1967.(which 子句其實修飾 Southwest Airlines,不是修飾整起事故)
- An estimated 260,000 gallons of crude oil was spilled into the Gulf, which caused tremendous damage to the environment.(此處才是真的修飾前面整件事 —— 原油外洩這件事造成傷害,而非海灣本身造成傷害)
位置錯了語意就整個跑掉:
- A box which was fortunately empty struck him on the head.(子句修飾 a box:箱子是空的)
- A box struck him on the head which was fortunately empty.(子句變成修飾 head:他的腦袋是空的?語意就荒謬了)
# 五、如何判斷句子裡「有沒有」形容詞子句?
關鍵指標:句子裡有兩個以上的動詞,但彼此之間沒有連接詞。
- 若兩個動詞之間有連接詞(如 and)→ 只是兩組片語並列,不是子句。
- She got married 8 years ago and moved to Taiwan then.(無子句)
- 若兩個動詞之間沒有連接詞 → 其中一個動詞屬於形容詞子句內部。
- I'll introduce you to the accountant that I knew at the seminar.(introduce 和 knew 之間無連接詞 → that 引導形容詞子句)
當關代被省略時,可以透過「動詞左右的結構是否完整」找出子句邊界:
- 若某動詞前方缺主詞,或後方(含介系詞後方)缺受詞,那個「缺口」的位置往往就是被省略的關代/子句邊界。
- The girls he employs are always complaining about their pay.(employs 後方缺受詞 → 受格關代 whom/that 被省略)
- The man Angela was sitting next to kept burping throughout the flight.(next to 介系詞後方缺受詞 → 受格關代被省略)
# 六、主格關代(子句內當主詞)
主格關代引導的子句內部一定缺主詞。
- The young man who lives on the corner runs a coffee shop.(who 作 lives 的主詞,指涉 young man)
- The travel agency which sold me the ticket was near my office.(which 作 sold 的主詞,指涉 travel agency)
- Tex-Mex food is a type of food that combines Mexican and American ingredients.(that 作 combines 的主詞,指涉 food)
# 七、受格關代(子句內當動詞或介系詞的受詞)
受格關代:whom(僅指人)/ which(僅指事物)/ that(人或事物皆可)。
當動詞的受詞:
- You can choose a color that you like.(that 作 like 的受詞,指涉 color)
- A man whom I knew in the army phoned me this morning.(whom 作 knew 的受詞,指涉 man)
非正式英文中,who 有時會被拿來當受格用(who I knew...),嚴格文法不建議,考試請用 whom 或 that。
- The film which we saw last week was much better than this one.(which 也可換成 that,或直接省略)
當介系詞的受詞:
- The Japanese singer whom we told you about is going to be on TV tonight.(whom 作 about 的受詞)
- The painting which you are looking at was made by Picasso in 1937.(which 作 at 的受詞)
受格關代可以被省略(不論是動詞的受詞還是介系詞的受詞):A man I knew in the army phoned me this morning.
# 八、所有格關代 whose(表所屬關係,指人或事物皆可)
whose 前後各接一個名詞,表示「…… 的……」所屬關係:
- I once lived next door to an old woman whose son is now a famous rock star.(老太太的兒子)
- someone whose cell phone(某人的手機)
- a game whose rules(遊戲的規則)
- an academic article whose author(文章的作者)
- a rare disease whose symptoms(疾病的症狀)
whose的先行詞不限於人,也可以是事物(如 game、article、disease)。
# 九、例句精讀分析
分析重點:① 找出關代與子句範圍 ② 判斷關代在子句內的功能(主詞 / 受詞 / 所有格)③ 確認先行詞(緊鄰或隔著字/整句)④ 解讀語意。
示範例句: I'll introduce you to the accountant that I came with.
- 子句:that I came with(that 為 with 的受詞,指人)。
- 先行詞:accountant(緊鄰關代)。
- 語意:讓我把你介紹給跟我一起來的那位會計師。
1. Tennis is the sport (that/which) I like best of all.
- 子句:關代被省略,I like best of all 中 like 缺受詞,受詞已轉為關代並省略;best 為副詞修飾 like。
- 先行詞:sport(事物受格關代,可能為 which 或 that)。
- 語意:網球是我所有運動裡最喜歡的。
2. How can I contact the architect who designed this shopping mall?
- 子句:who designed this shopping mall(who 作 designed 的主詞,指人)。
- 先行詞:architect。
- 語意:我要怎麼聯絡當初設計這座商場的那位建築師?
3. Where did you get the sneakers (which/that) you were wearing?
- 子句:關代省略,you were wearing 中 wearing 缺受詞(受詞轉為關代並省略,指事物)。
- 先行詞:sneakers。
- 語意:你腳上穿的這雙運動鞋是在哪裡買的?
4. The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
- 子句:which lead to the cellar(which 作 lead 的主詞,指事物)。
- 先行詞:stairs。
- 語意:通往酒窖的那個樓梯還蠻滑的。
5. Scientists are developing a vitamin that people will take only once a week.
- 子句:that people will take only once a week(that 作 take 的受詞,指事物;only once a week 為頻率副詞)。
- 先行詞:vitamin。
- 語意:科學家正在研發一種一週只需服用一次的維他命。
6. We located the person whose truck had been blocking our driveway.
- 子句:whose truck had been blocking our driveway(whose 表所屬:某人的卡車;truck 為子句主詞,driveway 為受詞)。
- 先行詞:person(whose 前後為 person 和 truck,表所屬關係)。
- 語意:我們找到了那個卡車擋住我們家車道的人。
7. The colleague whom I was telling you about is planning to retire next year.
- 子句:whom I was telling you about(whom 作介系詞 about 的受詞,指人;子句內 I 為主詞,you 為受詞)。
- 先行詞:colleague。
- 語意:我當時跟你提到的那位同事,他打算明年退休。
8. The woman (whom/that) Ethan met at the night club also knows your sister.
- 子句:關代省略,Ethan met... at the night club 中 met 缺受詞(受詞轉為關代並省略,指人)。
- 先行詞:woman。
- 語意:Ethan 在夜店認識的那個女人,也認識你姐姐。
9. I had to return the CD that I bought because it was defective.
- 結構:that I bought 為形容詞子句(that 作 bought 的受詞,指事物,先行詞為 CD);because it was defective 為從屬連接詞引導的副詞子句,修飾整個主要句(說明退貨的原因,而非購買的原因)。
- 語意:我得把買的那片 CD 退掉,因為它有瑕疵。
10. They argued all night long, which annoyed many of their neighbors.
- 結構:which annoyed many of their neighbors(which 作 annoyed 的主詞)。因語意判斷,「讓鄰居惱怒」的並非某個名詞,而是「吵了一整晚」這整件事,故 which 子句修飾前方整句(逗點前)。
- 語意:他們吵了一整晚的架,這件事讓不少鄰居感到惱怒。
# 十、重點整理
- 形容詞子句=很長的形容詞,放在名詞後方修飾,被修飾的名詞稱先行詞。
- 關代表格:主格 who/which/that,受格 whom/which/that,所有格 whose(指人或事物皆可)。關代不具語意。
- 關代在子句中兼具兩個角色:指涉先行詞 + 在子句內擔任主詞 / 受詞 / 所有格。
- 主格、受格關代引導的子句內部一定「缺一個成分」(主詞或受詞);受格關代可以省略。
- 修飾整句的形容詞子句:關代必為 which,且前方一定有逗點(但逗點 + which 不保證就是修飾整句,仍需語意判斷)。
- 判斷句中有無子句:看動詞之間有沒有連接詞 —— 沒有連接詞卻有兩個以上動詞,就代表有子句。
- 更多形容詞子句的細節(如省略、關係副詞等)將在下一篇「形容詞子句(下)」繼續討論。