# 文法閱讀筆記 02:片語概念(六大片語)+分析練習 01–03

# 一、什麼是片語?如何判斷它的「屬性」?

片語=兩個以上的單詞組成一個群組。 判斷一個片語屬於什麼詞性(屬性),要看這個群組裡「最核心、最重要」的那個字是什麼詞性:

結構範例 分析 判定
incredibly expensive 副詞修飾形容詞,形容詞為本體 形容詞片語
a dangerous animal 冠詞依附名詞、形容詞修飾名詞,名詞為核心 名詞片語
in the tall building 語意核心是「位置」,來自介系詞 in,而非 building 介系詞片語
so afraid of ghosts 形容詞 afraid 為核心,前有副詞修飾、後有介詞片語補充 形容詞片語
give a speech competently 動詞為句子最重要的元素,是核心 動詞片語
can stay near the airport 核心動詞 stay,助動詞與介詞片語皆為附加 動詞片語

# 二、六大片語詳解

# 1. 介系詞片語

介系詞後方承接名詞(或名詞屬性的動名詞),組成片語,補充額外資訊。介系詞後方不可承接不定詞。

  • 補充數量:about 3000
  • 補充時間:in the morning
  • 補充方式:with a screwdriver
  • 補充地點:next to the door
  • 補充原因:because of a car accident
  • 多個名詞共享一個介系詞:between a bank and a post office
  • 介系詞+動名詞:by giving a call(✕ by to give a call)

介系詞片語本身可作形容詞或副詞,也可能被其他副詞性元素修飾:

  • 前方加副詞修飾:right next to the door、not over $500、only for card holders
  • 後方再接另一組介系詞片語疊加:in the box on the shelf
  • 可無限疊加:During an interview with a movie director with a box of pesticides in his hand and different kinds of products on the table(跟電影導演的訪談中,他手裡拿著一盒殺蟲劑,桌上放著各式各樣的產品)

# 2. 形容詞片語

形容詞只能被帶有副詞屬性的元素修飾:

  • 前方加副詞:so careful
  • 後方加副詞:careful enough
  • 後方加不定詞:ready to give a presentation
  • 後方加介系詞片語:proud of your achievement
  • 兩個以上形容詞由連接詞串接:effective but time-consuming、gentle, humorous, and polite
  • 綜合範例:seemingly guilty of poor attitude but actually shameless in taking advantage of others(表面上為自己的態度不好感到愧疚,實則還是很不要臉地利用別人)

# 3. 名詞片語

  • 冠詞+名詞:a man / the man
  • 多個名詞由連接詞串接:a polo shirt and jeans
  • 複合名詞(無連接詞的兩名詞合併):convenience store、translation service、staff meeting
  • 形容詞(可多個)前置修飾:a risky plan、a boring and repetitive job、a young little girl
  • 副詞+形容詞層層修飾再接名詞:a financially risky plan、beautifully packaged products
  • 形容詞性成分後置修飾:something dangerous、everyone present、something extremely dangerous
  • 形容詞子句後置修飾:something that she talked about
  • 介系詞片語後置修飾(可疊加):a cake on the table for Yumi;也可能形成修飾鏈:an excuse for being late for the meeting(for being late 修飾 excuse;for the meeting 修飾 being late)
  • 不定詞後置修飾:a room to hold a meeting、someone to fix the copying machine
  • 綜合範例:a similarly confident man in a kimono walking around a fishing port to help us get cheaper seafood(一個在漁港附近走動、穿著和服、看起來有自信的男人,幫我們買到便宜的海鮮)

# 4. 動詞片語

不及物動詞後方不可接受詞,只能接介系詞片語(副詞用):

  • I agree.(正確)/ I agree your idea.(錯誤)→ I agree with your idea.
  • live in London:in London 為副詞,非受詞

及物動詞後方接受詞(可為名詞、動名詞、不定詞):

  • 一般名詞:state your opinion、watch a horror movie
  • 動名詞:avoid eating anything spicy、consider moving to another country
  • 不定詞:refuse to work overtime、decide to cancel the meeting

動詞周遭的副詞性修飾:

  • 副詞前置/後置:firmly state your opinion、state your opinion directly
  • 不定詞/介系詞片語後置(副詞用):take public transit to save money、enter the house without permission
  • 助動詞/時態變化也算動詞片語:should stop、be + Ving(進行式)、have + p.p.(完成式)、be + p.p.(被動)
  • 片語動詞:gave up dancing
  • 兩個以上動詞由連接詞串接:fell and sprained his ankle
  • 綜合範例:immediately kneel to apologize for infidelity and beg for forgiveness(因感情不忠,立刻下跪道歉並祈求原諒)

# 5. 動名詞片語

動名詞兼具名詞(可作主詞、受詞、補語)與動詞的特性:

  • 後方接受詞(名詞/不定詞/另一動名詞):studying German、refusing to study German、considering studying German
  • 周遭副詞性修飾:not working、working late、reading to increase your vocabulary、having dinner with some old friends
  • 兩個以上動名詞由連接詞串接:being sick but still going to work
  • 綜合範例:shooting cinematic wedding videos recklessly with a smartphone to try to get away with it(鋌而走險地用智慧型手機拍出有電影感的婚禮影片,試圖矇混過關)

# 6. 不定詞片語

不定詞同樣兼具名詞與動詞特性:

  • 後方接受詞(名詞/動名詞/另一不定詞):to clean the conference room、to avoid being harmed、to decide to accept the job or not
  • 周遭副詞性修飾(可插入 to 與動詞中間):not to call、to call immediately、to successfully call、to call between 10 and 12、to call to confirm the order
  • 綜合範例:to decisively break up with his girlfriend to extend the enjoyment of chasing after her(果斷地跟女友分手,為了延續追求她的樂趣)

# 三、例句精讀(主課程內建練習)

分析步驟同前:① 標詞性 ② 判斷底線片語的種類與功能(主詞 / 受詞 / 補語 / 修飾語,修飾誰)③ 解讀語意。(句型代號如 SVO、SVC 會在下一篇「句型概念」正式介紹,這裡先接觸。)

示範例句: The grocery store shut down last month because of poor sales and consequent financial troubles.

  • 底線片語:because of poor sales and consequent financial troubles(介系詞片語;and 串接 sales、troubles 兩組名詞片語,共享介系詞 because of)
  • 功能:修飾動詞 shut down,說明歇業原因 → 副詞用法。
  • 語意:那間雜貨店上個月因為銷售不佳與隨之而來的財務困難而歇業關門。

例句 1: We feel so sorry to have you wait for nearly an hour.

  • 底線片語:so sorry to have you wait for nearly an hour(形容詞片語:sorry 為核心,前有副詞 so 修飾,後接不定詞片語補充);其中 for nearly an hour 為介系詞片語,介系詞 for 後方承接名詞片語 nearly an hour,nearly 修飾數量詞 an hour,強調「將近」。
  • 功能:此形容詞片語作補語,修飾主詞 we。
  • 語意:讓你等了將近一小時,我們感到非常抱歉。

例句 2: She's regretful for completely forgetting to turn up for the exams.

  • 底線片語:completely forgetting to turn up for the exams(動名詞片語:forgetting 為核心,前有副詞 completely 修飾,後接不定詞片語 to turn up for the exams 作受詞)。
  • 功能:整組動名詞片語作介系詞 for 的受詞。
  • 語意:她完全忘了要去考試,為此感到相當後悔。

例句 3: You can use the self check-in kiosks to save you from waiting in line for ages at the airport.

  • 底線片語:to save you from waiting in line for ages at the airport(不定詞片語);其中 waiting... 為介系詞 from 的受詞(動名詞);for ages、at the airport 為副詞用介系詞片語,修飾 waiting in line。
  • 功能:整組不定詞片語修飾動詞 use,說明使用目的 → 副詞用法。
  • 語意:你可以用那些自助報到機台,省去在機場排隊等到天荒地老的麻煩。

例句 4: This TV program is designed for children, particularly for those under five.

  • 底線片語:for children, particularly for those under five;其中 under five 修飾 those(形容詞用),particularly for those under five 前有副詞 particularly 修飾整組介系詞片語。
  • 功能:be designed for 為固定搭配,for children 是 designed 的必要成分,與 designed 合為補語補充主詞 this TV program;後方 particularly for those under five 為同位補述,把設計對象再限縮一層。
  • 語意:這個電視節目是專為五歲以下的孩童所設計的。

例句 5: We have changed our supplier for they repeatedly fail to deliver orders on time.

  • 底線片語:repeatedly fail to deliver orders on time(動詞片語:fail 為核心,前有副詞 repeatedly 修飾,後接不定詞片語補充;不定詞片語中 on time 修飾 deliver,為副詞)。
  • 功能:fail 為不及物動詞,其後不定詞片語不可能是受詞,而是修飾 fail 的副詞成分,說明失敗的性質。
  • 語意:我們換了一間供應商,因為他們屢次無法準時送達訂單。

例句 6: The last step is to get on the flight by giving your ticket to the attendant next to the gate.

  • 底線片語:to get on the flight by giving your ticket to the attendant next to the gate(不定詞片語,作補語修飾主詞 the last step);其中 by giving... 為副詞用介系詞片語修飾 get on;to the attendant 為副詞修飾 giving;next to the gate 為形容詞修飾 attendant。
  • 語意:最後一步就是把機票交給登機門旁邊的空服員,藉此登機。

例句 7: Mr. Chang has been to many English-speaking countries without needing help or advice from a travel agency.

  • 底線片語:without needing help or advice from a travel agency(介系詞片語,修飾動詞 has been,說明狀態 → 副詞用法);其中 needing 為動名詞,help、advice 由 or 串接作其受詞;from a travel agency 可修飾 help/advice(形容詞,說明幫助的來源),也可修飾 needing(副詞,「向旅行社尋求」),兩種讀法語意相近。
  • 語意:張先生去過許多英語系國家,都不需要旅行社的幫助或建議。

例句 8: It is necessary to give definite information or instructions to our staff in order to make the process go faster.

  • 底線片語:definite information or instructions(名詞片語,作 give 的受詞)+to our staff(副詞,修飾 give,說明對象)+in order to make the process go faster(不定詞片語,副詞用,說明目的)。
  • 語意:為了讓流程進行得更快,必須給員工明確的資訊或指示。

例句 9: We provide our workers with easily changeable working hours and plenty of opportunities to develop new clients.

  • 底線片語:easily changeable working hours and plenty of opportunities to develop new clients(名詞片語,作介系詞 with 的受詞);plenty of = 片語形容詞(同 sufficient/abundant),修飾 opportunities;to develop new clients 為不定詞片語修飾 opportunities(形容詞)。
  • 語意:我們提供員工可彈性調整的工時,以及大量開發新客戶的機會。

例句 10: I'm willing to take care of you and always able to help you with anything, without asking for anything in return.

  • 底線片語:兩組並列的形容詞片語(willing to take care of you.../always able to help you with anything...)由 and 串接,共同作 be 動詞後的補語;句尾 without asking for anything in return 修飾 take care 與 help,說明條件(副詞);in return 修飾 anything(形容詞)。
  • 語意:我願意照顧你,也總是能幫你解決任何問題,不求任何回報。

# 四、補充練習:文法分析練習 01~03「詞性片語」(30 句)

每句依序標記詞性、拆解片語結構(含判斷句型:SV / SVO / SVC / SVOO / SVOC /there be 句型/起始句/複合句等,這些句型代號將在下一篇「句型概念」完整說明),最後解讀語意。

# 📘 分析練習 01

示範: Miss Nail gave no explanation of the error in the medical records.

  • 詞性:Miss Nail (n) gave (vt) no (adj) explanation (n) of (prep) the (冠) error (n) in (prep) the (冠) medical (adj) records (n)
  • 結構:Miss Nail 為主詞,gave 為 vt,no explanation 為受詞;of the error 修飾 explanation(形容詞);in the medical records 修飾 error(形容詞)。去除修飾語後 Miss Nail gave no explanation 語意完整 → SVO 句型。
  • 語意:Miss Nail 對於病例上的錯誤沒有做出解釋。

1. The factory has access to the rare materials.

  • 詞性:the (冠) factory (n) has (vt) access (n) to (prep) the (冠) rare (adj) materials (n)
  • 結構:factory 為主詞,has 為 vt,access 為受詞;to the rare materials 修飾 access(形容詞,說明管道的目的)。→ SVO 句型。
  • 語意:那間工廠有能夠取得稀有材料的管道。

2. This box of glassware is very fragile, so be careful.

  • 詞性:this (adj) box (n) of (prep) glassware (n) is (vi) very (adv) fragile (adj) so (對等連接詞) be (原形動詞) careful (adj)
  • 結構:of glassware 修飾 box(形容詞);前半句 box 為主詞,is 為連綴動詞,very fragile 為補語 → SVC;後半句 be 開頭無主詞 → 起始句,careful 為補語。兩句由 so 連接 → 複合句型。
  • 語意:這一箱玻璃器皿很脆弱,所以要小心處理。

3. There is growing anxiety among staff about unemployment.

  • 詞性:there (n) is (vi) growing (adj, 現在分詞) anxiety (n) among (prep) staff (n) about (prep) unemployment (n)
  • 結構:among staff、about unemployment 皆修飾 anxiety(形容詞,分別說明對象與原因)。there is 為主詞+動詞,growing anxiety 為補語 → there be 存在句。
  • 語意:員工們越來越擔心失業的問題。

4. I find it difficult to make new friends in this company.

  • 詞性:I (n) find (vt) it (虛受詞) difficult (adj) to (inf) make (v) new (adj) friends (n) in (prep) this (adj) company (n)
  • 結構:in this company 修飾 make new friends(副詞);it 為虛受詞,to make new friends in this company 補充其語意(名詞);I 為主詞,find 為 vt,it 為受詞,difficult 為受詞補語 → SVOC 句型(含虛受詞)。
  • 語意:我覺得在這間公司很難交到新朋友。

5. Don't let your emotions interfere with the negotiation.

  • 詞性:don't (助動詞 + 副詞) let (v) your (adj) emotions (n) interfere (vi) with (prep) the (冠) negotiation (n)
  • 結構:with the negotiation 修飾 interfere(副詞;interfere 固定搭配 with)。let 為使役動詞的特殊用法(let + 受詞 + 原形動詞),emotions 為受詞、interfere with the negotiation 為受詞補語;核心動詞前無主詞、以 Don't 否定 → VOC 否定起始句型。
  • 語意:別讓你的情緒干涉了談判的過程。

6. It's really not a good salary, but it's adequate for my needs.

  • 詞性:it (n)+is really (adv) not (adv) a (冠) good (adj) salary (n) but (對等連接詞) it (n)+is adequate (adj) for (prep) my (adj) needs (n)
  • 結構:兩個 it 皆非虛主詞(後方無不定詞或名詞子句),為一般代名詞,指對話中提到的某筆金額。前句 SVC(a good salary 為補語,中間插入 really not 轉否定);後句 SVC(adequate 為補語,for my needs 修飾 adequate,說明足夠的對象)。兩句由 but 連接 → 複合句型。
  • 語意:這薪水真的不算好,但足以應付我的需求。

7. There's a deli at the intersection of 17th Street and Vesper Avenue.

  • 詞性:there (n) is (vi) a (冠) deli (n) at (prep) the (冠) intersection (n) of (prep) 17th (n) Street (n) and (對等連接詞) Vesper (n) Avenue (n)
  • 結構:of 17th Street and Vesper Avenue 修飾 intersection(形容詞);at the intersection... 修飾 deli(形容詞)。there is 為主詞動詞,deli 為補語 → there be 存在句。
  • 語意:17 街和 Vesper 街的十字路口那裡有一間熟食店。

8. The ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west.

  • 詞性:the (冠) ocean (n) currents (n) of (prep) the (冠) tropical (adj) Pacific (專有名詞,n) travel (vi) from (prep) east (n) to (prep) west (n)
  • 結構:of the tropical Pacific 修飾 currents(形容詞,說明位置);from east to west 修飾 travel(副詞,說明方向)。去除修飾語後 The ocean currents travel 語意完整 → SV 句型。
  • 語意:太平洋熱帶洋流是由東向西流動的。

9. Miranda attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.

  • 詞性:Miranda (n) attributes (vt) her (adj) success (n) to (prep) hard (adj) work (n) and (對等連接詞) a (冠) little (adj) luck (n)
  • 結構:attribute A to B(把 A 歸功於 B)為固定搭配;Miranda 為主詞,attributes 為 vt,success 為受詞,to hard work and a little luck 為 success 的補語(必要成分)→ SVOC 句型。
  • 語意:Miranda 將她的成功歸功於努力和一點點運氣。

10. There's no reason to question his ability to judge the case fairly.

  • 詞性:there (n) is (vi) no (adj) reason (n) to (inf) question (v) his (adj) ability (n) to (inf) judge (v) the (冠) case (n) fairly (adv)
  • 結構:to judge the case fairly 修飾 ability(形容詞,說明公平判案的能力);to question his ability... 修飾 reason(形容詞,說明質疑的理由)。there is 為主詞動詞,reason 為補語 → there be 存在句。
  • 語意:沒有理由能夠質疑他是否有公平判案的能力。

# 📘 分析練習 02

1. Never put these delicate plates in the dishwasher.

  • 詞性:never (adv) put (v) these (adj) delicate (adj) plates (n) in (prep) the (冠) dishwasher (n)
  • 結構:in the dishwasher 修飾 plates(受詞補語,必要成分,去掉則語意不全)。put 前無主詞 → 起始句;never 為前置的否定副詞(非 Do not 的否定結構)→ VOC 起始句型(never 前置)。
  • 語意:千萬別把這些精緻的盤子放到洗碗機裡面。

2. The road was closed, so I could go neither right nor left.

  • 詞性:the (冠) road (n) was (be 動詞) closed (過去分詞 / 形容詞) so (對等連接詞) I (n) could (助動詞) go (vi) neither...nor (複合對等連接詞) right (adv) left (adv)
  • 結構:前句 road 為主詞,was closed 為 SVC;後句 I 為主詞,go 為 vi,right/left(由 neither...nor 串接)修飾 go 的方向(副詞,非必要成分)→ SV。兩句由 so 連接 → 複合句型。
  • 語意:道路封閉,所以我左邊右邊都不能走。

3. The vice president's savings amount to $3 million.

  • 詞性:the (冠) vice (adj) president's (所有格,adj) savings (n) amount (vi) to (prep) $3 million (數量名詞片語,n)
  • 結構:amount(動詞,總計)固定搭配 to + 數字;savings 為主詞,amount 為動詞,to $3 million 為必要的補語 → SVC 句型。
  • 語意:副總裁的積蓄總計有三百萬美金。

4. Since the flooding began last month, 16 people have died statewide.

  • 詞性:since (從屬連接詞) the (冠) flooding (動名詞 /n) began (vi) last month (時間副詞片語) 16 (adj) people (n) have died (完成式動詞) statewide (adv)
  • 結構:since 引導副詞子句(The flooding began last month);主要句 16 people have died 語意完整,statewide 為非必要副詞 → 副詞子句+SV 主要句。
  • 語意:自上個月洪水爆發以來,該州已經有 16 人喪生。

5. Between 2002 and 2005, there was a constant rise in the rate of inflation.

  • 詞性:between (prep) 2002 and 2005 (n) there (n) was (vi) a (冠) constant (adj) rise (n) in (prep) the (冠) rate (n) of (prep) inflation (n)
  • 結構:between 2002 and 2005 修飾全句(副詞,時間);in the rate of inflation 修飾 rise(形容詞)。there was 為主詞動詞,a constant rise 為補語 → there be 存在句。
  • 語意:2002 到 2005 年間,通貨膨脹率不斷上升。

6. Separate the white clothes from the dark ones before laundering.

  • 詞性:separate (v) the (冠) white (adj) clothes (n) from (prep) the (冠) dark (adj) ones (n) before (prep) laundering (動名詞)
  • 結構:from the dark ones 修飾 white clothes(形容詞,說明分開的對象);before laundering 修飾 separate(副詞,說明時間點)。動詞 separate 前無主詞,clothes 為受詞 → VO 起始句型。
  • 語意:洗衣服之前,要先把白色衣服和深色衣服分開。

7. The bank offers the local enterprises a variety of commercial loans.

  • 詞性:the (冠) bank (n) offers (vt) the (冠) local (adj) enterprises (n) a (冠) variety (n) of (prep) commercial (adj) loans (n)
  • 結構:a variety of=片語形容詞(各式各樣的),修飾 loans。bank 為主詞,offers 為 vt,enterprises 與 loans 皆為受詞(間接受詞+直接受詞)→ SVOO 句型。
  • 語意:那間銀行向當地企業提供各種商業貸款。

8. The manager admitted to stealing the confidential document.

  • 詞性:the (冠) manager (n) admitted (vt) to (prep) stealing (動名詞) the (冠) confidential (adj) document (n)
  • 結構:admit 承認之意時,後方可接名詞/that 子句/動名詞為受詞,接動名詞時中間可插入介系詞 to。manager 為主詞,admitted 為 vt,stealing... 為受詞 → SVO 句型。
  • 語意:經理承認竊取了機密文件。

9. Be sure not to use Wikipedia as a reference for academic work.

  • 詞性:be (原形動詞) sure (adj) not (adv) to (inf) use (v) Wikipedia (n) as (prep) a (冠) reference (n) for (prep) academic (adj) work (n)
  • 結構:for academic work 修飾 reference(形容詞);as a reference for academic work 修飾 Wikipedia(形容詞,說明維基百科的用途)。be 開頭無主詞,sure 為補語 → VC 起始句型。
  • 語意:一定不要把維基百科當作學術著作的參考資料。

10. Because of increased operating cost, we have been forced to raise our prices.

  • 詞性:because of (介系詞) increased (過去分詞 / 形容詞) operating (現在分詞 / 形容詞) cost (n) we (n) have been forced (完成式被動動詞) to (inf) raise (v) our (adj) prices (n)
  • 結構:because of... 修飾全句(副詞,說明原因);to raise our prices 修飾 have been forced(副詞,說明被迫做的事)。we 為主詞,have been forced 為動詞,forced 為補語 → SVC 句型。
  • 語意:因為營運成本提高,我們被迫得要漲價。

# 📘 分析練習 03

1. Drought and famine have killed up to two million people here.

  • 詞性:drought (n) and (對等連接詞) famine (n) have killed (完成式動詞) up to (副詞片語) two million (adj) people (n) here (adv)
  • 結構:up to two million 修飾 people(數量);here 修飾動詞(地點)。去除修飾語後 Drought and famine have killed people 語意完整 → SVO 句型。
  • 語意:乾旱與飢荒已經造成這裡高達兩百萬人死亡。

2. The boss was greatly interested in collecting antiques after retirement.

  • 詞性:the (冠) boss (n) was (be 動詞) greatly (adv) interested (adj) in (prep) collecting (動名詞) antiques (n) after (prep) retirement (n)
  • 結構:be interested in 為固定搭配;after retirement 修飾全句(副詞,時間)。boss 為主詞,was 為連綴動詞,greatly interested(形容詞片語)為補語 → SVC 句型。
  • 語意:老闆退休之後就對收集古董很感興趣。

3. Do not immerse any part of the device in water or other liquids.

  • 詞性:do not (助動詞 + 副詞) immerse (v) any (adj) part (n) of (prep) the (冠) device (n) in (prep) water (n) or (對等連接詞) other (adj) liquids (n)
  • 結構:immerse A in B 為固定搭配(把 A 浸泡在 B);of the device 修飾 part(形容詞)。immerse 前無主詞 → VOC 起始句型(否定命令)。
  • 語意:請勿將此裝置的任何零件浸泡在水中或其他液體裡。

4. Only half of the emergency supplies have reached their destination.

  • 詞性:only (adv) half (n) of (prep) the (冠) emergency (n) supplies (n) have reached (完成式動詞) their (adj) destination (n)
  • 結構:of the emergency supplies 修飾 half(形容詞);half 為主詞(非 supplies,因其為介系詞受詞),have reached 為 vt,destination 為受詞 → SVO 句型。
  • 語意:只有一半的急難用品已經送達目的地。

5. The common external tariff began to affect Canadian products.

  • 詞性:the (冠) common (adj) external (adj) tariff (n) began (vt) to (inf) affect (v) Canadian (adj) products (n)
  • 結構:to affect Canadian products 為 began 的受詞(名詞屬性,必要成分)→ SVO 句型。
  • 語意:共同對外關稅開始對加拿大的產品構成影響。

6. Customers find it hard to switch from Coke to Pepsi because of taste.

  • 詞性:customers (n) find (vt) it (虛受詞) hard (adj) to (inf) switch (v) from (prep) Coke (n) to (prep) Pepsi (n) because of (prep) taste (n)
  • 結構:because of taste 修飾 switch(副詞,說明原因);it 為虛受詞,to switch from Coke to Pepsi 補充語意;customers 為主詞,find 為 vt,it 為受詞,hard 為受詞補語 → SVOC 句型(含虛受詞)。
  • 語意:因為口味的關係,顧客覺得要從可樂換成百事可樂很難。

7. As a child, I loved playing the guitar and I dreamed of being a well-known musician.

  • 詞性:as (prep) a (冠) child (n) I (n) loved (vt) playing (動名詞) the (冠) guitar (n) and (對等連接詞) I (n) dreamed of (片語動詞) being (動名詞) a (冠) well-known (adj) musician (n)
  • 結構:as a child 修飾全句(副詞,時間);dream of/about 為固定片語動詞。兩句(I loved playing the guitar/I dreamed of being a well-known musician)皆為 SVO,由 and 連接 → 複合句型。
  • 語意:小時候,我喜歡彈吉他,也夢想成為一位知名的音樂家。

8. The firm equipped offices with advanced machines at affordable prices.

  • 詞性:the (冠) firm (n) equipped (vt) offices (n) with (prep) advanced (adj) machines (n) at (prep) affordable (adj) prices (n)
  • 結構:equip A with B 為固定搭配;at affordable prices 修飾 equipped(副詞,說明整體花費)。firm 為主詞,equipped 為 vt,offices 為受詞,with advanced machines 為受詞補語(必要成分)→ SVOC 句型。
  • 語意:公司以實惠的價格為辦公室配備了先進的機器。

9. In recent years, there has been a lot of migration from the towns to the cities.

  • 詞性:in recent years (副詞片語) there (n) has been (完成式 be 動詞) a lot of (形容詞片語) migration (n) from (prep) the (冠) towns (n) to (prep) the (冠) cities (n)
  • 結構:in recent years 修飾全句(副詞,時間);from the towns to the cities 修飾 migration(形容詞,說明遷移方向)。there has been 為主詞動詞,migration 為補語 → there be 存在句。
  • 語意:近年來,有許多人從鄉鎮遷移到城市。

10. The powder immediately ignited and set off a chain reaction of explosions.

  • 詞性:the (冠) powder (n) immediately (adv) ignited (vi) and (對等連接詞) set off (片語動詞) a (冠) chain (n) reaction (n) of (prep) explosions (n)
  • 結構:of explosions 修飾 chain reaction(形容詞)。powder 為共同主詞,ignited(不及物)與 set off + 受詞(及物)由 and 連接 → S + V + VO 複合句型。
  • 語意:那些粉末立刻引燃,並引發了一連串的爆炸。

# 五、重點整理

  • 判斷片語屬性:找出群組中「最核心」的字,以它的詞性為準。
  • 六大片語:介系詞片語、形容詞片語、名詞片語、動詞片語、動名詞片語、不定詞片語,彼此可以層層疊加、互相修飾。
  • 動名詞與不定詞都兼具「名詞功能」與「動詞特性」:因此後方可接受詞,周遭可接副詞性修飾語。
  • 及物動詞後方才有受詞;不及物動詞後方若有資訊要補充,只能用介系詞片語(副詞)。
  • 分析句子時,先抓出每個片語的核心與修飾方向,才能正確判斷句子成分與句型(下一篇正式介紹句型)。