# 文法閱讀筆記 09:連接詞與副詞子句

連接詞(Conjunctions)分為兩大類:對等連接詞與從屬連接詞。

# 一、對等連接詞(Coordinating Conjunctions)

英文只有七個對等連接詞,用字首組成好記的單字 FANBOYS:

For、And、Nor、But、Or、Yet、So

對等連接詞可以串接單詞、片語、子句或句子,也可以一次串接三個以上的成分:

  • Would you like to have burritos or sushi for lunch?(串接單詞)
  • Ashley knows the ways to the library and to the coffee shop.(串接片語)
  • I don't eat peanuts, for I'm allergic to nuts.(串接句子)
  • We need to buy a shovel, a flashlight, two extension cords, an electric drill, and some screws.(串接五組名詞片語)

# 平行對等原則(Parallelism)

使用對等連接詞時,前後成分的詞性與結構必須一致:名詞接名詞、動詞接動詞、片語接片語、子句接子句、句子接句子。

❌ 錯誤(詞性不對等) ✅ 修正
Kenny is a novelist and is quite sociable.(名詞 vs. 形容詞片語) 改為兩組動詞片語:Kenny is a novelist and is quite sociable.(改成 is + 名詞 對 is + 形容詞 → 需統一為同類,如兩者都用 is 開頭的動詞片語)
The store accepts cash, credit cards and you can even pay with a check.(名詞 vs. 句子) The store accepts cash, credit cards, and checks.
Her duties were answering phone calls, to file records, and conducting visitor surveys.(動名詞 vs. 不定詞) ...were answering phone calls, filing records, and conducting visitor surveys.

例外:介系詞片語與不定詞片語本身可以當形容詞或副詞使用,因此有時可以和單一的形容詞/副詞串接(只要功能一致):

  • ...publishes a weekly issue both in print and online.(in print=介系詞片語,online=副詞,兩者都修飾 publishes,都是副詞功能,可以並列)
  • They communicated not orally but in writing...(orally=副詞,in writing=介系詞片語,同樣都修飾 communicated)

前後時態可以不同(時態取決於各自事件發生的時間,不受連接詞影響):

  • I resigned last week(過去)but I need to work out my notice(現在)so I'll be here for another three weeks(未來).

# 四組固定複合搭配

搭配 語意
both A and B A、B 兩者都是
not only A but (also) B 不僅是 A,B 也是
either A or B 要嘛是 A,不然就是 B(兩者擇一)
neither A nor B 既不是 A,也不是 B

同樣要遵守平行對等原則:

  • ✅ She enjoys spending time with her colleagues both inside and outside the office.(inside、outside 皆為介系詞,對等)
  • ❌ Young people buy computers not only to do schoolwork but also playing games. → ✅ 改為 ...not only to do schoolwork but also to play games.
  • The information can be found in either local news or business section of a newspaper.
  • Many people are neither concerned about pollutants nor worried about their future impact.

# 當 FANBOYS 出現在句首……

這七個字如果被放在句首(前面已經有句點斷句),就不算連接詞,而是副詞,只起「承先啟後」語意連貫的作用(相當於 however 等):

  • The antibiotic should cure the infection. But make an appointment to come back and see me in a week.
  • This is the job for you. So stop looking and give us a call.

# 二、從屬連接詞(Subordinating Conjunctions)與副詞子句

從屬連接詞只能用來連接句子(不能連接單詞或片語),用以表達兩個事件之間的時間、因果、反差、條件、目的等關聯性。

位置:可放在句首,或放在兩句中間。
由從屬連接詞開頭引導的那一句,稱作「副詞子句」;另一句稱作「主要句」。

  • It always rains after I have washed my car.(after 引導副詞子句,凸顯時間先後)
  • The doorbell rang while I was changing the lightbulb. = While I was changing the lightbulb, the doorbell rang.(副詞子句可前可後,語意不變)

副詞子句不能單獨存在,必須依附在主要句上。只有副詞子句、沒有主要句是不完整、錯誤的句子。

# 重要規則:副詞子句與主要句之間不需要再加連接詞

中文常常「儘管… 但…」「因為… 所以…」成對出現,但英文只需要一個從屬連接詞:

  • ❌ Although she was still in debt, but she bought the handbag.
  • ✅ Although she was still in debt, she bought the handbag.
  • ❌ Because Lenny didn't pay the electric bill, so the power went out.
  • ✅ Because Lenny didn't pay the electric bill, the power went out.

這是中文母語者很容易因翻譯習慣而犯的錯誤,要特別留意。

但這不代表對等連接詞和從屬連接詞不能同時出現在一個句子裡 —— 只要對等連接詞不是介於「副詞子句」與「主要句」之間即可:

  • I'm just about to go on holiday, so if you need me to collect consumer data, please let me know by Friday afternoon.(so 串接兩個大句子;if 子句是後面 please 那句自己附帶的副詞子句,兩者互不衝突)

一個主要句也可以同時依附多個副詞子句:例如一個句子中可能藏有 3 組由 since、the first time、if 等引導的副詞子句,全部依附在同一個主要句上,彼此之間不需要額外連接詞。

# 同形字的陷阱:有時候「看起來像」從屬連接詞的字,其實是別的詞性

  • before:可作副詞、介系詞、連接詞。後接名詞(片語)→ 介系詞;後接句子(主詞 + 動詞)→ 連接詞。
    • The equipment can arrive a day before the concert.(before + 名詞 → 介系詞片語,作時間副詞)
  • though:可作連接詞(雖然、儘管)或副詞(然而,相當於 however)。若前後已用句點斷句,則是副詞,不是連接詞:
    • I don't really mind, though.(though 在句尾 / 獨立句中,為副詞)

# 三、例句精讀分析

分析重點:① 找出連接詞(對等 / 從屬)並判斷其連接的成分 ② 分析主要句與副詞子句各自的句型 ③ 解讀語意。

示範例句: You need to pay either in cash or on the credit card.

  • 連接詞:either...or 為複合對等連接詞,串接 in cash、on the credit card 兩組介系詞片語(副詞,說明付款方式)。
  • 句型:need 為核心動詞,you 為主詞,to pay... 整組不定詞片語作受詞 → SVC(此處不定詞片語具名詞功能作受詞,老師原文歸類為 SVC,實質即含不定詞受詞的 SVO 結構)。
  • 語意:你需要用現金或信用卡付款。

1. The equipment can arrive a day before the concert, providing that the payment is made within 7 days.

  • 連接詞:providing that 為從屬連接詞(條件關係,= provided that,假如);before 此處後接名詞片語 the concert,為介系詞(非連接詞)。
  • 句型:主要句 equipment(S)can arrive(V),a day before the concert 為非必要時間副詞 → SV;副詞子句 payment(S)is(V)made(C,過去分詞補語)→ SVC。
  • 語意:假如款項在 7 天內付清,設備就可以在演唱會前一天抵達。

2. Victor and his wife travel abroad more than five times a year, either on business or for a holiday.

  • 連接詞:and 串接 Victor、his wife 共同作主詞;either...or 串接 on business、for a holiday 兩組介系詞片語(副詞,說明出國目的)。
  • 句型:Victor and his wife(S)travel(V)→ SV。
  • 語意:Victor 和太太一年出國超過五次,要嘛是出差,不然就是度假旅遊。

3. We decided to change our packaging so that customers will be more attracted.

  • 連接詞:so that 為從屬連接詞(目的關係)。
  • 句型:主要句 we(S)decided(V)to change our packaging(O,不定詞片語作受詞)→ SVO;副詞子句 customers(S)will be(V)attracted(C,被動形容詞補語)→ SVC。
  • 語意:我們決定改變包裝,好讓顧客更容易被吸引。

4. When the passenger wanted to change his flight time or date, the airline had to reissue his ticket.

  • 連接詞:when 為從屬連接詞(時間關係)。
  • 句型:副詞子句 passenger(S)wanted(V)to change...(O)→ SVO;主要句 airline(S)had to reissue(V,助動詞 + 動詞)ticket(O)→ SVO。
  • 語意:乘客想更改班機時間或日期時,航空公司就必須重新開票。

5. If you persist in being late or taking unauthorized leave, we will have no choice but dismiss you.

  • 連接詞:if 為從屬連接詞(條件關係);子句內 or 串接 being late、taking unauthorized leave 兩組動名詞片語;主要句內 but 串接 have、dismiss 兩組動詞片語,共享助動詞 will。
  • 句型:副詞子句 you(S)persist(V)→ SV(in... 為非必要修飾語);主要句 we(S)will have(V)options(O,非必要修飾語省略後)/will dismiss(V)you(O)→ 複合句型(SVO + VO)。
  • 語意:要是你持續遲到,或未經許可擅自休假,我們就別無選擇,只能將你解僱。

6. The appendix at the back of the book not only has answers for all of the exercises but also provides you with other relevant information.

  • 連接詞:not only...but also 串接 has、provides 兩組動詞片語。
  • 句型:appendix(S,at the back of the book 為修飾語)has(V)answers(O)→ SVO;provides(V)you(O)with other relevant information(C,必要補語)→ SVOC。整體為複合句型。
  • 語意:這本書後面的附錄,不僅附有所有習題的答案,還提供了其他相關資訊。

7. Our customer service phone number is toll-free, so don't hesitate to contact us if you need any assistance or further information.

  • 連接詞:so 為對等連接詞,串接前後兩個大句子;if 為從屬連接詞,引導依附在「don't hesitate...」這句後面的副詞子句;子句內 or 串接 assistance、further information 兩個名詞作 need 的受詞。
  • 句型:前句 phone number(S)is(V)toll-free(C)→ SVC;後句為否定起始句(hesitate 前無主詞)。
  • 語意:我們的客服專線是免付費的,所以如果你需要任何協助或進一步資訊,請別猶豫聯絡我們。

8. Before you start your own company, it is essential to have enough capital to start it up and keep it running until it begins to make a profit.

  • 連接詞:before(時間)、until(時間)皆為從屬連接詞,各自引導一組副詞子句,分別附著在主要句的前後;句子中央 and 串接 have、keep 兩組動詞片語,共享 to,組成一個不定詞片語。
  • 句型:主要句 it(虛主詞)is(V)essential(C),to have enough capital... 為語意來源 → SVC(含虛主詞);until 子句中 it(代 company,一般代名詞,非虛主詞)begins(V)to make a profit(O)→ SVO。
  • 語意:開創自己的公司之前,務必要有足夠的資金來開業,並在公司開始獲利之前維持營運。

9. Whether it's online, on TV, or in print, this ad campaign will definitely be effective and will help us double our profits this year.

  • 連接詞:or 串接 online、on TV、in print 三組形容詞性片語,修飾 ad campaign;and 串接 be effective、help us... 兩組動詞片語,共享助動詞 will 與主詞 ad campaign。
  • 句型:ad campaign(S)will be(V)effective(C)→ VC;will help(V)us(O)→ VO。複合句型。
  • 語意:無論是網路、電視,還是印刷媒介,這個廣告活動一定會很有效,還能幫我們把今年的收益翻倍。

10. You will easily become weak or even ill because you do not eat enough or because you do not eat enough of the right foods.

  • 連接詞:or(形容詞 weak、ill 之間);because 出現兩次,各自引導一組副詞子句,中間再由 or 串接這兩組副詞子句,一起依附在同一個主要句上。
  • 句型:主要句 you(S)become(V)weak/ill(C)→ SVC;兩個 because 子句皆為 you(S)do not eat(V)enough(O,作名詞用)→ SVO。
  • 語意:如果吃得不夠,或沒有攝取足夠正確的食物,你的身體就很容易變得虛弱,甚至生病。

# 四、重點整理

  • 對等連接詞只有七個(FANBOYS),可連接單詞、片語、子句、句子,但前後必須符合平行對等原則(詞性一致、結構一致);時態則不受此限制。
  • 四組固定複合搭配(both...and/not only...but also /either...or/neither...nor)依然要遵守平行對等原則。
  • FANBOYS 若出現在句首(前有句點),則轉為副詞,不算連接詞。
  • 從屬連接詞只能連接句子,引導的那句叫副詞子句,必須依附於主要句,不能單獨存在。
  • 副詞子句與主要句之間不需要再加對等連接詞(避免中文「儘管… 但…」式的翻譯錯誤)。
  • 同一句子中,對等連接詞與從屬連接詞可以並存;一個主要句也可以同時依附多個副詞子句。
  • before、though 等字,需依前後結構(後接名詞 vs. 後接句子;是否被句點獨立)判斷其詞性究竟是介系詞、連接詞還是副詞。