# 文法閱讀筆記 09:連接詞與副詞子句
連接詞(Conjunctions)分為兩大類:對等連接詞與從屬連接詞。
# 一、對等連接詞(Coordinating Conjunctions)
英文只有七個對等連接詞,用字首組成好記的單字 FANBOYS:
For、And、Nor、But、Or、Yet、So
對等連接詞可以串接單詞、片語、子句或句子,也可以一次串接三個以上的成分:
- Would you like to have burritos or sushi for lunch?(串接單詞)
- Ashley knows the ways to the library and to the coffee shop.(串接片語)
- I don't eat peanuts, for I'm allergic to nuts.(串接句子)
- We need to buy a shovel, a flashlight, two extension cords, an electric drill, and some screws.(串接五組名詞片語)
# 平行對等原則(Parallelism)
使用對等連接詞時,前後成分的詞性與結構必須一致:名詞接名詞、動詞接動詞、片語接片語、子句接子句、句子接句子。
| ❌ 錯誤(詞性不對等) | ✅ 修正 |
|---|---|
| Kenny is a novelist and is quite sociable.(名詞 vs. 形容詞片語) | 改為兩組動詞片語:Kenny is a novelist and is quite sociable.(改成 is + 名詞 對 is + 形容詞 → 需統一為同類,如兩者都用 is 開頭的動詞片語) |
| The store accepts cash, credit cards and you can even pay with a check.(名詞 vs. 句子) | The store accepts cash, credit cards, and checks. |
| Her duties were answering phone calls, to file records, and conducting visitor surveys.(動名詞 vs. 不定詞) | ...were answering phone calls, filing records, and conducting visitor surveys. |
例外:介系詞片語與不定詞片語本身可以當形容詞或副詞使用,因此有時可以和單一的形容詞/副詞串接(只要功能一致):
- ...publishes a weekly issue both in print and online.(in print=介系詞片語,online=副詞,兩者都修飾 publishes,都是副詞功能,可以並列)
- They communicated not orally but in writing...(orally=副詞,in writing=介系詞片語,同樣都修飾 communicated)
前後時態可以不同(時態取決於各自事件發生的時間,不受連接詞影響):
- I resigned last week(過去)but I need to work out my notice(現在)so I'll be here for another three weeks(未來).
# 四組固定複合搭配
| 搭配 | 語意 |
|---|---|
| both A and B | A、B 兩者都是 |
| not only A but (also) B | 不僅是 A,B 也是 |
| either A or B | 要嘛是 A,不然就是 B(兩者擇一) |
| neither A nor B | 既不是 A,也不是 B |
同樣要遵守平行對等原則:
- ✅ She enjoys spending time with her colleagues both inside and outside the office.(inside、outside 皆為介系詞,對等)
- ❌ Young people buy computers not only to do schoolwork but also playing games. → ✅ 改為 ...not only to do schoolwork but also to play games.
- The information can be found in either local news or business section of a newspaper.
- Many people are neither concerned about pollutants nor worried about their future impact.
# 當 FANBOYS 出現在句首……
這七個字如果被放在句首(前面已經有句點斷句),就不算連接詞,而是副詞,只起「承先啟後」語意連貫的作用(相當於 however 等):
- The antibiotic should cure the infection. But make an appointment to come back and see me in a week.
- This is the job for you. So stop looking and give us a call.
# 二、從屬連接詞(Subordinating Conjunctions)與副詞子句
從屬連接詞只能用來連接句子(不能連接單詞或片語),用以表達兩個事件之間的時間、因果、反差、條件、目的等關聯性。
位置:可放在句首,或放在兩句中間。
由從屬連接詞開頭引導的那一句,稱作「副詞子句」;另一句稱作「主要句」。
- It always rains after I have washed my car.(after 引導副詞子句,凸顯時間先後)
- The doorbell rang while I was changing the lightbulb. = While I was changing the lightbulb, the doorbell rang.(副詞子句可前可後,語意不變)
副詞子句不能單獨存在,必須依附在主要句上。只有副詞子句、沒有主要句是不完整、錯誤的句子。
# 重要規則:副詞子句與主要句之間不需要再加連接詞
中文常常「儘管… 但…」「因為… 所以…」成對出現,但英文只需要一個從屬連接詞:
- ❌ Although she was still in debt, but she bought the handbag.
- ✅ Although she was still in debt, she bought the handbag.
- ❌ Because Lenny didn't pay the electric bill, so the power went out.
- ✅ Because Lenny didn't pay the electric bill, the power went out.
這是中文母語者很容易因翻譯習慣而犯的錯誤,要特別留意。
但這不代表對等連接詞和從屬連接詞不能同時出現在一個句子裡 —— 只要對等連接詞不是介於「副詞子句」與「主要句」之間即可:
- I'm just about to go on holiday, so if you need me to collect consumer data, please let me know by Friday afternoon.(so 串接兩個大句子;if 子句是後面 please 那句自己附帶的副詞子句,兩者互不衝突)
一個主要句也可以同時依附多個副詞子句:例如一個句子中可能藏有 3 組由 since、the first time、if 等引導的副詞子句,全部依附在同一個主要句上,彼此之間不需要額外連接詞。
# 同形字的陷阱:有時候「看起來像」從屬連接詞的字,其實是別的詞性
- before:可作副詞、介系詞、連接詞。後接名詞(片語)→ 介系詞;後接句子(主詞 + 動詞)→ 連接詞。
- The equipment can arrive a day before the concert.(before + 名詞 → 介系詞片語,作時間副詞)
- though:可作連接詞(雖然、儘管)或副詞(然而,相當於 however)。若前後已用句點斷句,則是副詞,不是連接詞:
- I don't really mind, though.(though 在句尾 / 獨立句中,為副詞)
# 三、例句精讀分析
分析重點:① 找出連接詞(對等 / 從屬)並判斷其連接的成分 ② 分析主要句與副詞子句各自的句型 ③ 解讀語意。
示範例句: You need to pay either in cash or on the credit card.
- 連接詞:either...or 為複合對等連接詞,串接 in cash、on the credit card 兩組介系詞片語(副詞,說明付款方式)。
- 句型:need 為核心動詞,you 為主詞,to pay... 整組不定詞片語作受詞 → SVC(此處不定詞片語具名詞功能作受詞,老師原文歸類為 SVC,實質即含不定詞受詞的 SVO 結構)。
- 語意:你需要用現金或信用卡付款。
1. The equipment can arrive a day before the concert, providing that the payment is made within 7 days.
- 連接詞:providing that 為從屬連接詞(條件關係,= provided that,假如);before 此處後接名詞片語 the concert,為介系詞(非連接詞)。
- 句型:主要句 equipment(S)can arrive(V),a day before the concert 為非必要時間副詞 → SV;副詞子句 payment(S)is(V)made(C,過去分詞補語)→ SVC。
- 語意:假如款項在 7 天內付清,設備就可以在演唱會前一天抵達。
2. Victor and his wife travel abroad more than five times a year, either on business or for a holiday.
- 連接詞:and 串接 Victor、his wife 共同作主詞;either...or 串接 on business、for a holiday 兩組介系詞片語(副詞,說明出國目的)。
- 句型:Victor and his wife(S)travel(V)→ SV。
- 語意:Victor 和太太一年出國超過五次,要嘛是出差,不然就是度假旅遊。
3. We decided to change our packaging so that customers will be more attracted.
- 連接詞:so that 為從屬連接詞(目的關係)。
- 句型:主要句 we(S)decided(V)to change our packaging(O,不定詞片語作受詞)→ SVO;副詞子句 customers(S)will be(V)attracted(C,被動形容詞補語)→ SVC。
- 語意:我們決定改變包裝,好讓顧客更容易被吸引。
4. When the passenger wanted to change his flight time or date, the airline had to reissue his ticket.
- 連接詞:when 為從屬連接詞(時間關係)。
- 句型:副詞子句 passenger(S)wanted(V)to change...(O)→ SVO;主要句 airline(S)had to reissue(V,助動詞 + 動詞)ticket(O)→ SVO。
- 語意:乘客想更改班機時間或日期時,航空公司就必須重新開票。
5. If you persist in being late or taking unauthorized leave, we will have no choice but dismiss you.
- 連接詞:if 為從屬連接詞(條件關係);子句內 or 串接 being late、taking unauthorized leave 兩組動名詞片語;主要句內 but 串接 have、dismiss 兩組動詞片語,共享助動詞 will。
- 句型:副詞子句 you(S)persist(V)→ SV(in... 為非必要修飾語);主要句 we(S)will have(V)options(O,非必要修飾語省略後)/will dismiss(V)you(O)→ 複合句型(SVO + VO)。
- 語意:要是你持續遲到,或未經許可擅自休假,我們就別無選擇,只能將你解僱。
6. The appendix at the back of the book not only has answers for all of the exercises but also provides you with other relevant information.
- 連接詞:not only...but also 串接 has、provides 兩組動詞片語。
- 句型:appendix(S,at the back of the book 為修飾語)has(V)answers(O)→ SVO;provides(V)you(O)with other relevant information(C,必要補語)→ SVOC。整體為複合句型。
- 語意:這本書後面的附錄,不僅附有所有習題的答案,還提供了其他相關資訊。
7. Our customer service phone number is toll-free, so don't hesitate to contact us if you need any assistance or further information.
- 連接詞:so 為對等連接詞,串接前後兩個大句子;if 為從屬連接詞,引導依附在「don't hesitate...」這句後面的副詞子句;子句內 or 串接 assistance、further information 兩個名詞作 need 的受詞。
- 句型:前句 phone number(S)is(V)toll-free(C)→ SVC;後句為否定起始句(hesitate 前無主詞)。
- 語意:我們的客服專線是免付費的,所以如果你需要任何協助或進一步資訊,請別猶豫聯絡我們。
8. Before you start your own company, it is essential to have enough capital to start it up and keep it running until it begins to make a profit.
- 連接詞:before(時間)、until(時間)皆為從屬連接詞,各自引導一組副詞子句,分別附著在主要句的前後;句子中央 and 串接 have、keep 兩組動詞片語,共享 to,組成一個不定詞片語。
- 句型:主要句 it(虛主詞)is(V)essential(C),to have enough capital... 為語意來源 → SVC(含虛主詞);until 子句中 it(代 company,一般代名詞,非虛主詞)begins(V)to make a profit(O)→ SVO。
- 語意:開創自己的公司之前,務必要有足夠的資金來開業,並在公司開始獲利之前維持營運。
9. Whether it's online, on TV, or in print, this ad campaign will definitely be effective and will help us double our profits this year.
- 連接詞:or 串接 online、on TV、in print 三組形容詞性片語,修飾 ad campaign;and 串接 be effective、help us... 兩組動詞片語,共享助動詞 will 與主詞 ad campaign。
- 句型:ad campaign(S)will be(V)effective(C)→ VC;will help(V)us(O)→ VO。複合句型。
- 語意:無論是網路、電視,還是印刷媒介,這個廣告活動一定會很有效,還能幫我們把今年的收益翻倍。
10. You will easily become weak or even ill because you do not eat enough or because you do not eat enough of the right foods.
- 連接詞:or(形容詞 weak、ill 之間);because 出現兩次,各自引導一組副詞子句,中間再由 or 串接這兩組副詞子句,一起依附在同一個主要句上。
- 句型:主要句 you(S)become(V)weak/ill(C)→ SVC;兩個 because 子句皆為 you(S)do not eat(V)enough(O,作名詞用)→ SVO。
- 語意:如果吃得不夠,或沒有攝取足夠正確的食物,你的身體就很容易變得虛弱,甚至生病。
# 四、重點整理
- 對等連接詞只有七個(FANBOYS),可連接單詞、片語、子句、句子,但前後必須符合平行對等原則(詞性一致、結構一致);時態則不受此限制。
- 四組固定複合搭配(both...and/not only...but also /either...or/neither...nor)依然要遵守平行對等原則。
- FANBOYS 若出現在句首(前有句點),則轉為副詞,不算連接詞。
- 從屬連接詞只能連接句子,引導的那句叫副詞子句,必須依附於主要句,不能單獨存在。
- 副詞子句與主要句之間不需要再加對等連接詞(避免中文「儘管… 但…」式的翻譯錯誤)。
- 同一句子中,對等連接詞與從屬連接詞可以並存;一個主要句也可以同時依附多個副詞子句。
- before、though 等字,需依前後結構(後接名詞 vs. 後接句子;是否被句點獨立)判斷其詞性究竟是介系詞、連接詞還是副詞。