# 文法閱讀筆記 11:形容詞子句(下)

# 一、介詞前置(介系詞 + 關代)

上一篇提到,關代若在子句內當介系詞的受詞,該介系詞可以跟著關代一起移到子句開頭:

  • I have two friends whom I can share every secret with.
    → I have two friends with whom I can share every secret.

介詞前置的兩個規則:

  1. 關代不可省略(否則讀者無法判斷子句起點與介詞歸屬)。
  2. that 不能用在介詞前置的結構中 —— 先行詞是人 → 介詞 + whom;先行詞是事物 → 介詞 + which。絕不會出現「介詞 + that」的形式。

閱讀技巧:關代前方若有介詞,該介詞常是從子句內部移出來的;可將「介詞 + 關代」直接理解成「介詞 + 先行詞」來幫助解讀:

  • Postage prices depend on the country to which a package is being sent.(to which=to the country)→ 郵資取決於包裹寄往的國家。
  • The person with whom Angus shared the apartment didn't pay the rent.(with whom=with the person)→ 跟 Angus 一起合租公寓的那個人沒繳房租。
  • The topic in which Michael is most interested is electrical engineering.(in which=in the topic;be interested in 固定搭配)→ Michael 最感興趣的主題是電機工程。

# 二、關係副詞:where /when/why

當「介詞 + 關代」的介詞是用來表達地點、時間或原因時,可以合併成對應的關係副詞。

# where(地點 / 場景)

  • We wanted to stay in the hotel. + The hotel is fully booked.
    → The hotel where we wanted to stay is fully booked.(in which → where)
  • My parents live in a little town. + Everyone knows everyone else there.(there 為地方副詞)
    → My parents live in a little town where everyone knows everyone else.

注意:「介詞 + 關代」只有在真的指地點 / 場景時才能合併為 where。例如 We can find some cases in which booking sites have lower rates... 這裡的 in which 不是指地點,不能改寫成 where。

# when(時間)

  • My mom still remembers the day. + She first met my dad on that day.
    → My mom still remembers the day when she first met my dad.(on which → when)
  • 也可能從時間副詞 then 演變而來:Chinese New Year is the only day of the year when fireworks are permitted.
  • when 常被替換為 that,或直接省略:I'll never forget the day (when/that) I arrived in Egypt.

# why(原因)

  • why 源自 for which,先行詞固定是 reason:
    • Mark's excessive jealousy was the main reason why I broke up with him.
  • why 也常被替換為 that,或直接省略:I can't think of any reason (why/that) I should help you.

判斷技巧:句中沒有連接詞卻出現兩組「主詞 + 動詞」,且前面有時間詞或 reason,就可以合理懷疑有關係副詞被省略。


# 三、逗點的規則:限定用法 vs. 非限定用法

限定用法(Restrictive) 非限定用法(Non-restrictive)
逗點 無逗點 有逗點
功能 修飾先行詞,同時限縮範圍(沒有子句就不知道指哪個) 純粹補充資訊(沒有子句讀者仍知道指哪個)
先行詞特性 非獨一無二 獨一無二(如專有名詞、"my parents" 這種天生唯一的對象)

對照範例:

  • Toyota, which was founded in 1937, was the first company to release hybrid cars.(Toyota 獨一無二 → 非限定,純補充)

  • The car manufacturer which was founded in 1937 was the first company to release hybrid cars.(car manufacturer 不唯一 → 限定,用來鎖定「是哪一間車廠」)

  • His roommate, who is very pessimistic about everything, has spent a lot of money on fortune telling.(暗示:他只有一個室友)

  • His roommate who is very pessimistic about everything has spent a lot of money on fortune telling.(暗示:他有不只一個室友,這句是在指其中那位悲觀的)

同一句話,加不加逗點語意可能天差地遠,寫作時要格外小心。

修飾整句的子句,必為非限定用法(一定要有逗點):

  • It was raining last weekend, which caused us to reschedule the picnic.

規則補充:非限定用法中,關代 / 關副不可省略,且 that 不能用在非限定用法中。

如何判斷有逗點的子句究竟是修飾「名詞」還是「整句」? 靠語意判斷:

  • My friend recently ended a relationship, which caused him a lot of pain.(a relationship 非獨一無二 → 此逗點並非因為先行詞唯一,故子句應是修飾「分手這件事」)→ 我朋友最近分手了,這件事讓他很痛苦。
  • 若拿掉逗點:My friend recently ended a relationship which caused him a lot of pain.(則變成修飾 relationship)→ 我朋友結束了一段讓他很痛苦的感情。(語意完全不同!)

# 四、事物所有格的另一種寫法:of which

除了 whose,事物的所有格關係也可以用 of which 表達(較正式的書面用法),且有兩種位置:

  1. whose:I know a comedy whose ending will definitely make you cry.
  2. of which 放在名詞後方:I know a comedy the ending of which will definitely make you cry.
  3. of which 放在句首:I know a comedy of which the ending will definitely make you cry.

重點規則:

  • of which 僅限非常正式的書面用法,一般溝通 / 口語仍用 whose。
  • 僅適用於事物;人的所有格仍只能用 whose,沒有 "of whom" 表所有格的用法。
  • 判讀技巧:看到 of which 前後各有一個名詞,就代表兩者間有所屬關係(如 whose 一樣):a comedy of which the ending=喜劇的結局;two novels of which the author=小說的作者。
  • 若 of which 放在名詞後方(如 We bought two novels the author of which has won an award.),需靠結構判斷子句邊界(哪裡開始缺主詞 / 受詞)。

# 五、量詞/比較級/最高級 + of + 關代

書面英文中,子句也可能以「數量詞 / 比較級 / 最高級 + of + 關代」開頭,表達先行詞的部分數量或程度比較。常見量詞:all of、some of、many of、a few of、each of、several of、a couple of、a number of 等。

  • The cashier dropped a box of eggs, all of which broke.(all of which=蛋「全部」都破了)
  • Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.(both of whom=兩個兒子都在國外工作)
  • ...hundreds of different drinks, only a few of which are non-alcoholic.

比較級/最高級:

  • The apartment has two bedrooms, the smaller of which is now used as his studio.
  • She gave birth to eight children, the youngest of whom is now serving in the army.
  • Sabrina has several designer sunglasses, the most expensive of which cost $15,000.

重點規則:

  • 這類「量詞 / 比較級 / 最高級 + of + 關代」的子句一定要用非限定用法(打逗點),與先行詞是否獨一無二無關。
  • 關代放在 of 後方 → 受格位置 → 只能用 whom(指人)或 which(指事物),不可用 who 或 that,也不可省略。

# 六、例句精讀分析

示範例句: Nelson Mandela, who died in 2013, was president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

  • 子句:who died in 2013(who 作主詞,指人)。
  • 標記:逗點(非限定),因為 Nelson Mandela 是獨一無二的專有名詞,子句只是補充資訊。
  • 語意:Nelson Mandela 於 1994 到 1999 年間擔任南非總統,他在 2013 年過世。

1. Do you remember the time when we finally got to the hotel?

  • 子句:when we finally got to the hotel(關係副詞 when,子句內部結構完整:we 主詞、got to 動詞、hotel 受詞)。
  • 標記:無逗點(限定用法),因為 the time 不具獨一無二特質,需要子句才能鎖定是哪個時刻。
  • 語意:你記得我們終於抵達飯店的那個時刻嗎?

2. The dehumidifier I ordered on your website two weeks ago hasn't arrived yet.

  • 子句:(that/which) I ordered on your website two weeks ago(關代省略,ordered 缺受詞)。
  • 標記:無逗點(限定用法),dehumidifier 不具獨一無二特質,需子句鎖定是哪一台。
  • 語意:我兩週前在你的網站上訂的那台除濕機還沒送到。

3. Please make a list of countries whose population is greater than 20 million.

  • 子句:whose population is greater than 20 million(whose 表所屬:國家的人口)。
  • 標記:無逗點(限定),countries 不具獨一無二特質。
  • 語意:請列出人口超過 2000 萬的國家清單。

4. Mr. Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous with overtime pay.

  • 子句:for whom I was working(介詞前置,whom 作 for 的受詞,指人)。
  • 標記:有逗點(非限定),Mr. Jones 是專有名詞,獨一無二。
  • 語意:我當時在 Jones 先生手下工作,他給加班費相當大方。

5. After lunch we went for a walk in a park where the views were beautiful.

  • 子句:where the views were beautiful(關係副詞 where,子句為 there be 存在句結構:there/where 作主詞 / 動詞,views 作補語)。
  • 標記:無逗點(限定),park 不具獨一無二特質。
  • 語意:午餐後,我們到一座景色優美的公園散步。

6. We are going to redecorate our apartment, which will keep us all busy.

  • 子句:which will keep us all busy(which 作主詞)。
  • 標記:有逗點;雖然公寓可能是獨一無二的,但語意判斷應是「整修這件事」讓大家忙碌,故此子句修飾整句,而非單純修飾 apartment。
  • 語意:我們打算重新整修公寓,這會讓我們大家都很忙。

7. The fire soon spread to surrounding buildings, some of which were totally destroyed.

  • 子句:some of which were totally destroyed(量詞片語 some of + which,which 作子句主詞)。
  • 標記:有逗點(量詞片語用法固定採非限定),與先行詞是否獨一無二無關。
  • 語意:火勢很快蔓延到周圍建築,其中有些被徹底燒毀。

8. My new office, which I have just redecorated, is much larger than my old office.

  • 子句:which I have just redecorated(which 作 redecorated 的受詞)。
  • 標記:有逗點(非限定),因為「我的新辦公室」獨一無二;也因此只能用 which,不能用 that,且不可省略。
  • 語意:我剛裝修完的新辦公室,比舊辦公室大很多。

9. How do you dispose of the cell phones of which the batteries no longer work?

  • 子句:of which the batteries no longer work(of which 為所有格,前後 cell phones/batteries 表所屬:手機的電池);子句內部結構完整(batteries 主詞、work 動詞),可知 of 也屬於子句範圍。
  • 標記:無逗點(限定),cell phones 不具獨一無二特質。
  • 語意:電池已經不能用的手機,你都怎麼處理?

10. The charity is supported by over 2 million members around the globe, the most famous of whom is actor Tom Cruise.

  • 子句:the most famous of whom is actor Tom Cruise(最高級片語 the most famous + of whom,whom 指人 members;one 因上下文明確而省略)。
  • 標記:有逗點(最高級片語用法固定採非限定)。
  • 語意:這個慈善機構由全球超過 200 萬名會員資助,其中最有名的是演員湯姆克魯斯。

# 七、重點整理

  • 介詞可隨受格關代一起前移(介詞前置),此時關代不可省略,且不能用 that(只能介詞 + whom/介詞 + which)。
  • 關係副詞 where(地點)/when(時間)/why(原因,先行詞固定是 reason)都是「介詞 + 關代」的合併形式;when、why 常被替換為 that 或省略。
  • 逗點決定限定 vs. 非限定:先行詞獨一無二 → 非限定(有逗點,純補充);先行詞不唯一 → 限定(無逗點,用來鎖定範圍)。同一句話加不加逗點,語意可能天差地遠。
  • 事物所有格除了 whose,也可用較正式的 of which(放名詞後或放句首),但人的所有格只能用 whose。
  • 量詞/比較級/最高級 + of + 關代(如 all of which、the youngest of whom)固定採非限定用法(一定打逗點),關代必為受格(whom/which),不可用 who/that,也不可省略。