# 文法閱讀筆記 07:虛主詞與虛受詞

# 一、為什麼會有虛主詞?

英文使用者不喜歡把主詞說得太長 —— 主詞越長,就要拖越久才能講到動詞(事件核心),讓聽者 / 讀者不耐煩。因此,當主詞是一長串不定詞片語或動名詞片語時,英文習慣把它移到句尾,在原本主詞的位置填入不具語意的代名詞 it 頂替,這個 it 就叫做虛主詞。

原始結構(主詞過長) 改寫成虛主詞句型
To turn down the invitation seems rude. It seems rude to turn down the invitation.
Placing all your money in the bank is such a waste.(動名詞主詞) It is such a waste to place all your money in the bank.(動名詞須先改為不定詞!)
Getting to the United States by plane takes about 13 hours. It takes about 13 hours to get to the United States by plane.

重要規則:虛主詞後方只能接不定詞片語或名詞子句,不能接動名詞片語。 若原主詞是動名詞,須先轉成不定詞形式。

判斷是否為虛主詞的關鍵:這個 it 有沒有明確指涉的對象?

  • I tried to get on the elevator, but it was packed.(it 指 elevator,一般代名詞,非虛主詞)
  • It seems rude to turn down the invitation.(it 沒有指涉對象,虛主詞,語意要從後方不定詞提取)

解讀語意的原則:虛主詞 it 不翻譯,句子真正的語意來源在後方的不定詞片語或名詞子句:

  • It would be costly to repair the car. → 修理這輛車要花很多錢。(不是「它會花很多錢」)

標明動作主導者:不定詞前可加 for + 人:

  • It is impossible for Angus to pay off his debts within six months.(Angus 半年內不可能還清債務)
  • It took almost 11 hours for the firefighters to contain the blaze.(消防員花了將近 11 小時才控制火勢)

虛主詞 + 名詞子句(細節將在名詞子句單元詳談):

  • It seems that the photocopier is out of order.(影印機好像故障了)
  • It was a great relief that everyone got back safely.(大家都平安回來真讓人鬆一口氣)

虛主詞句型的否定:not 放的位置不同,修飾對象不同,語意也不同!

句子 not 修飾對象 語意
It is illegal to drive while barefoot.(肯定) — 打赤腳開車是違法的。
It is not illegal to drive while barefoot. illegal 打赤腳開車並不違法。
It is illegal not to drive while barefoot. to drive... 打赤腳的時候不開車是違法的。(語意怪,較少用)
It was not hard for us to laugh. hard 我們要笑出來並不難。
It was hard for us not to laugh. not to laugh 我們很難不笑出來。

虛主詞句型的問句:跟一般問句規則相同(be 動詞 / 助動詞提前,或加 do/does/did):

  • It is necessary to wash hands after using the bathroom. → Is it necessary to wash hands after using the bathroom?
  • It took you long to contact the participants. → Did it take you long to contact the participants?

# 二、虛受詞

同樣的邏輯也適用於受詞:當受詞過長,補語距離受詞太遠,會造成閱讀困難。這時把過長的受詞移到句尾(轉成不定詞),原本受詞的位置填入不具語意的 it,即為虛受詞。

原始結構(受詞過長) 改寫成虛受詞句型
Some institutions would consider being a native speaker with an MA so necessary. Some institutions would consider it necessary to be a native speaker with an MA.
Budget cuts have made doing their jobs difficult for inspectors. Budget cuts have made it difficult for inspectors to do their jobs.

解讀原則同虛主詞:先看完全句,找到後方提供語意的不定詞片語,再套回 it 的位置,語意才會通順:

  • We consider it an advantage to grow up in a poor family. → 我們認為成長在貧窮家庭是個優點。(而非逐字翻譯「我們認為它是個優點,成長在貧窮家庭」)

# 三、例句精讀分析

分析重點:① 找出虛主詞 / 虛受詞,確認其語意來源範圍(不定詞片語或名詞子句)② 判斷句型 ③ 解讀語意。

示範例句: It is difficult and dangerous to go abroad at this moment.

  • it 為虛主詞,to go abroad at this moment 為語意來源;difficult 和 dangerous 由 and 串接,共同作補語。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:此時此刻出國既困難又危險。

1. How long did it take for you to find sponsors for the event?

  • it 為虛主詞(此處為 take 的主詞),to find sponsors for the event 為語意來源,for you 表動作主導者;還原成陳述句:Finding sponsors for the event took you a month.,how long 對應原本的 a month,作 take 的受詞。
  • 句型:SVO 問句(含虛主詞)。
  • 語意:你花了多久時間找到活動贊助商?

2. It is difficult to get a clear idea of the information from this report.

  • it 為虛主詞,to get a clear idea... 為語意來源;difficult 為補語。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:要從這份報告中清楚理解這些資訊還真困難。

3. Is it reasonable to set such a tight deadline?

  • it 為虛主詞,to set... 為語意來源;因為是問句,be 動詞 is 移至句首;reasonable 為補語。
  • 句型:SVC 問句(含虛主詞)。
  • 語意:訂這麼緊的期限合理嗎?

4. It is impossible to discuss this book without mentioning the 2012 London Olympics.

  • it 為虛主詞,to discuss this book without mentioning the 2012 London Olympics 為語意來源;impossible 為補語。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:要討論這本書,就不能不提到 2012 年倫敦奧運。

5. Most people consider drunk driving to be unforgivable.

  • consider 為核心動詞,people 為主詞;it(此句實際受詞為 drunk driving,非虛受詞 —— 此處對應原講解為 driving 的動名詞片語作受詞,to be unforgivable 為補語)。
  • 句型:SVOC。
  • 語意:大部分人都認為酒駕的行為不可饒恕。

6. How does it feel to be one of the richest people in the world?

  • it 為虛主詞,to be one of the richest people in the world 為語意來源;還原成陳述句:Being one of the richest people in the world feels fantastic.,how 對應原本的 fantastic,作補語。
  • 句型:SVC 問句(含虛主詞)。
  • 語意:身為世界上最富有的人之一,是什麼感覺?

7. It is not unusual for the police to withhold information during an investigation.

  • it 為虛主詞,to withhold information 為語意來源,for the police 表動作主導者;not unusual 為補語,說明整體事件的狀態。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:警方在調查期間不透露資訊,是很常見的做法。

8. It doesn't matter whether you are an experienced musician or a complete beginner.

  • it 為虛主詞,whether... 引導的名詞子句為語意來源;matter 為核心動詞(不在五大句型範圍內另外分析子句內容)。
  • 句型:SV。
  • 語意:不論你是經驗豐富的音樂家,還是完全的新手,這些都不重要。

9. It's really important for people with diabetes not to drink on an empty stomach.

  • it 為虛主詞,not to drink on an empty stomach 為語意來源,for people with diabetes 表動作主導者;really important 為補語。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:糖尿病患者不可以空腹喝酒,這一點相當重要。

10. Mrs. Gilbert is divorced and finds it difficult to look after her children on her own.

  • 前句 is divorced 為 SVC;後句 finds 為核心動詞,it 為虛受詞,to look after her children on her own 為語意來源,difficult 為補語,兩句由 and 共享主詞 Mrs. Gilbert。
  • 句型:複合句型(VC + VOC,含虛受詞)。
  • 語意:Gilbert 太太離婚了,覺得獨自撫養孩子很困難。

11. It took me a long time to see the pattern and understand his behavior as abnormal.

  • it 為虛主詞,to see the pattern and understand his behavior as abnormal 為語意來源;me、a long time 皆為 took 的受詞。
  • 句型:SVOO(含虛主詞)。
  • 語意:我花了很長時間才觀察到那個模式,也才明白他的行為並不正常。

12. It will not be more productive for you to work with the most technologically advanced machines.

  • it 為虛主詞,to work with the most technologically advanced machines 為語意來源,for you 表動作主導者;more productive 為補語。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:就算你使用最先進的機器工作,產量也不會因此提高。

13. A developmental disorder can make it difficult for many to communicate, socialize, and learn.

  • disorder 為主詞,make 為核心動詞,it 為虛受詞,to communicate, socialize, and learn 為語意來源,for many 表動作主導者;difficult 為補語。
  • 句型:SVOC(含虛受詞)。
  • 語意:發展障礙會讓許多人在溝通、社交和學習方面遭遇困難。

14. It is dangerous to remove paper jams in the shredder without first disconnecting it from the power supply.

  • 句首 it 為虛主詞,to remove paper jams... 為語意來源;句尾的 it 則指涉前方的 shredder(碎紙機),為一般代名詞,非虛主詞。
  • 句型:SVC。
  • 語意:要清除碎紙機裡卡住的紙張之前,如果沒有先切斷電源,會很危險。

15. Kay found it hard to focus on her studies at first, but soon developed a routine.

  • found 為第一核心動詞,it 為虛受詞,to focus on her studies 為語意來源,hard 為補語;at first 修飾 found(副詞,時間);developed 為第二核心動詞,routine 為受詞;兩組動詞片語由 but 串接,共享主詞 Kay。
  • 句型:複合句型(VOC + VO,含虛受詞)。
  • 語意:Kay 一開始覺得很難專心讀書,但後來很快就養成了規律的習慣。

# 四、重點整理

  • 虛主詞/虛受詞的 it 不具語意,只是用來避免主詞或受詞過長,讓句子更快進入重點。
  • 虛主詞、虛受詞後方只能接不定詞片語或名詞子句,不能接動名詞(動名詞須先改寫為不定詞)。
  • 解讀語意時,it 不直接翻譯,要先讀完全句,找到後方的語意來源再代入理解。
  • 動作的主導者可用 for + 人 表示,置於不定詞之前。
  • 否定副詞 not 的位置會改變修飾對象與語意,需特別留意。
  • 虛主詞/虛受詞句型一樣可以轉換成問句,規則與一般句型相同。