# 文法閱讀筆記 07:虛主詞與虛受詞
# 一、為什麼會有虛主詞?
英文使用者不喜歡把主詞說得太長 —— 主詞越長,就要拖越久才能講到動詞(事件核心),讓聽者 / 讀者不耐煩。因此,當主詞是一長串不定詞片語或動名詞片語時,英文習慣把它移到句尾,在原本主詞的位置填入不具語意的代名詞 it 頂替,這個 it 就叫做虛主詞。
| 原始結構(主詞過長) | 改寫成虛主詞句型 |
|---|---|
| To turn down the invitation seems rude. | It seems rude to turn down the invitation. |
| Placing all your money in the bank is such a waste.(動名詞主詞) | It is such a waste to place all your money in the bank.(動名詞須先改為不定詞!) |
| Getting to the United States by plane takes about 13 hours. | It takes about 13 hours to get to the United States by plane. |
重要規則:虛主詞後方只能接不定詞片語或名詞子句,不能接動名詞片語。 若原主詞是動名詞,須先轉成不定詞形式。
判斷是否為虛主詞的關鍵:這個 it 有沒有明確指涉的對象?
- I tried to get on the elevator, but it was packed.(it 指 elevator,一般代名詞,非虛主詞)
- It seems rude to turn down the invitation.(it 沒有指涉對象,虛主詞,語意要從後方不定詞提取)
解讀語意的原則:虛主詞 it 不翻譯,句子真正的語意來源在後方的不定詞片語或名詞子句:
- It would be costly to repair the car. → 修理這輛車要花很多錢。(不是「它會花很多錢」)
標明動作主導者:不定詞前可加 for + 人:
- It is impossible for Angus to pay off his debts within six months.(Angus 半年內不可能還清債務)
- It took almost 11 hours for the firefighters to contain the blaze.(消防員花了將近 11 小時才控制火勢)
虛主詞 + 名詞子句(細節將在名詞子句單元詳談):
- It seems that the photocopier is out of order.(影印機好像故障了)
- It was a great relief that everyone got back safely.(大家都平安回來真讓人鬆一口氣)
虛主詞句型的否定:not 放的位置不同,修飾對象不同,語意也不同!
| 句子 | not 修飾對象 | 語意 |
|---|---|---|
| It is illegal to drive while barefoot.(肯定) | — | 打赤腳開車是違法的。 |
| It is not illegal to drive while barefoot. | illegal | 打赤腳開車並不違法。 |
| It is illegal not to drive while barefoot. | to drive... | 打赤腳的時候不開車是違法的。(語意怪,較少用) |
| It was not hard for us to laugh. | hard | 我們要笑出來並不難。 |
| It was hard for us not to laugh. | not to laugh | 我們很難不笑出來。 |
虛主詞句型的問句:跟一般問句規則相同(be 動詞 / 助動詞提前,或加 do/does/did):
- It is necessary to wash hands after using the bathroom. → Is it necessary to wash hands after using the bathroom?
- It took you long to contact the participants. → Did it take you long to contact the participants?
# 二、虛受詞
同樣的邏輯也適用於受詞:當受詞過長,補語距離受詞太遠,會造成閱讀困難。這時把過長的受詞移到句尾(轉成不定詞),原本受詞的位置填入不具語意的 it,即為虛受詞。
| 原始結構(受詞過長) | 改寫成虛受詞句型 |
|---|---|
| Some institutions would consider being a native speaker with an MA so necessary. | Some institutions would consider it necessary to be a native speaker with an MA. |
| Budget cuts have made doing their jobs difficult for inspectors. | Budget cuts have made it difficult for inspectors to do their jobs. |
解讀原則同虛主詞:先看完全句,找到後方提供語意的不定詞片語,再套回 it 的位置,語意才會通順:
- We consider it an advantage to grow up in a poor family. → 我們認為成長在貧窮家庭是個優點。(而非逐字翻譯「我們認為它是個優點,成長在貧窮家庭」)
# 三、例句精讀分析
分析重點:① 找出虛主詞 / 虛受詞,確認其語意來源範圍(不定詞片語或名詞子句)② 判斷句型 ③ 解讀語意。
示範例句: It is difficult and dangerous to go abroad at this moment.
- it 為虛主詞,to go abroad at this moment 為語意來源;difficult 和 dangerous 由 and 串接,共同作補語。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:此時此刻出國既困難又危險。
1. How long did it take for you to find sponsors for the event?
- it 為虛主詞(此處為 take 的主詞),to find sponsors for the event 為語意來源,for you 表動作主導者;還原成陳述句:Finding sponsors for the event took you a month.,how long 對應原本的 a month,作 take 的受詞。
- 句型:SVO 問句(含虛主詞)。
- 語意:你花了多久時間找到活動贊助商?
2. It is difficult to get a clear idea of the information from this report.
- it 為虛主詞,to get a clear idea... 為語意來源;difficult 為補語。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:要從這份報告中清楚理解這些資訊還真困難。
3. Is it reasonable to set such a tight deadline?
- it 為虛主詞,to set... 為語意來源;因為是問句,be 動詞 is 移至句首;reasonable 為補語。
- 句型:SVC 問句(含虛主詞)。
- 語意:訂這麼緊的期限合理嗎?
4. It is impossible to discuss this book without mentioning the 2012 London Olympics.
- it 為虛主詞,to discuss this book without mentioning the 2012 London Olympics 為語意來源;impossible 為補語。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:要討論這本書,就不能不提到 2012 年倫敦奧運。
5. Most people consider drunk driving to be unforgivable.
- consider 為核心動詞,people 為主詞;it(此句實際受詞為 drunk driving,非虛受詞 —— 此處對應原講解為 driving 的動名詞片語作受詞,to be unforgivable 為補語)。
- 句型:SVOC。
- 語意:大部分人都認為酒駕的行為不可饒恕。
6. How does it feel to be one of the richest people in the world?
- it 為虛主詞,to be one of the richest people in the world 為語意來源;還原成陳述句:Being one of the richest people in the world feels fantastic.,how 對應原本的 fantastic,作補語。
- 句型:SVC 問句(含虛主詞)。
- 語意:身為世界上最富有的人之一,是什麼感覺?
7. It is not unusual for the police to withhold information during an investigation.
- it 為虛主詞,to withhold information 為語意來源,for the police 表動作主導者;not unusual 為補語,說明整體事件的狀態。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:警方在調查期間不透露資訊,是很常見的做法。
8. It doesn't matter whether you are an experienced musician or a complete beginner.
- it 為虛主詞,whether... 引導的名詞子句為語意來源;matter 為核心動詞(不在五大句型範圍內另外分析子句內容)。
- 句型:SV。
- 語意:不論你是經驗豐富的音樂家,還是完全的新手,這些都不重要。
9. It's really important for people with diabetes not to drink on an empty stomach.
- it 為虛主詞,not to drink on an empty stomach 為語意來源,for people with diabetes 表動作主導者;really important 為補語。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:糖尿病患者不可以空腹喝酒,這一點相當重要。
10. Mrs. Gilbert is divorced and finds it difficult to look after her children on her own.
- 前句 is divorced 為 SVC;後句 finds 為核心動詞,it 為虛受詞,to look after her children on her own 為語意來源,difficult 為補語,兩句由 and 共享主詞 Mrs. Gilbert。
- 句型:複合句型(VC + VOC,含虛受詞)。
- 語意:Gilbert 太太離婚了,覺得獨自撫養孩子很困難。
11. It took me a long time to see the pattern and understand his behavior as abnormal.
- it 為虛主詞,to see the pattern and understand his behavior as abnormal 為語意來源;me、a long time 皆為 took 的受詞。
- 句型:SVOO(含虛主詞)。
- 語意:我花了很長時間才觀察到那個模式,也才明白他的行為並不正常。
12. It will not be more productive for you to work with the most technologically advanced machines.
- it 為虛主詞,to work with the most technologically advanced machines 為語意來源,for you 表動作主導者;more productive 為補語。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:就算你使用最先進的機器工作,產量也不會因此提高。
13. A developmental disorder can make it difficult for many to communicate, socialize, and learn.
- disorder 為主詞,make 為核心動詞,it 為虛受詞,to communicate, socialize, and learn 為語意來源,for many 表動作主導者;difficult 為補語。
- 句型:SVOC(含虛受詞)。
- 語意:發展障礙會讓許多人在溝通、社交和學習方面遭遇困難。
14. It is dangerous to remove paper jams in the shredder without first disconnecting it from the power supply.
- 句首 it 為虛主詞,to remove paper jams... 為語意來源;句尾的 it 則指涉前方的 shredder(碎紙機),為一般代名詞,非虛主詞。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:要清除碎紙機裡卡住的紙張之前,如果沒有先切斷電源,會很危險。
15. Kay found it hard to focus on her studies at first, but soon developed a routine.
- found 為第一核心動詞,it 為虛受詞,to focus on her studies 為語意來源,hard 為補語;at first 修飾 found(副詞,時間);developed 為第二核心動詞,routine 為受詞;兩組動詞片語由 but 串接,共享主詞 Kay。
- 句型:複合句型(VOC + VO,含虛受詞)。
- 語意:Kay 一開始覺得很難專心讀書,但後來很快就養成了規律的習慣。
# 四、重點整理
- 虛主詞/虛受詞的 it 不具語意,只是用來避免主詞或受詞過長,讓句子更快進入重點。
- 虛主詞、虛受詞後方只能接不定詞片語或名詞子句,不能接動名詞(動名詞須先改寫為不定詞)。
- 解讀語意時,it 不直接翻譯,要先讀完全句,找到後方的語意來源再代入理解。
- 動作的主導者可用 for + 人 表示,置於不定詞之前。
- 否定副詞 not 的位置會改變修飾對象與語意,需特別留意。
- 虛主詞/虛受詞句型一樣可以轉換成問句,規則與一般句型相同。