# 文法閱讀筆記 03:句型概念(五大句型)
# 一、構成句子的必要成分
- 動詞 Verb (V):句子中最核心的元素,表達核心動作或狀態。簡單句必有且僅有一個動詞(無連接詞 / 子句時)。
- 主詞 Subject (S):動詞前方的名詞屬性元素,是動作 / 狀態的主導者。簡單句必有主詞。
- 受詞 Object (O):及物動詞後方承接、承受動作的名詞屬性元素。
- 補語 Complement (C):動詞後方用來補充說明(而非承受動作)的成分,詞性可以非常多元(形容詞、名詞、介系詞片語⋯)。
判斷受詞 vs. 補語的關鍵:是否「承受了動詞的動作」。
| 例句 | 動詞後成分 | 判斷 |
|---|---|---|
| I bought a new laptop. | laptop 承受「買」的動作 | 受詞 |
| His idea sounds interesting. | interesting 是形容詞,且非承受動作,補充 idea 的特質 | 補語 |
| The medicine made me dizzy. | me 承受「使變得」的動作(受詞);dizzy 補充 me 的狀態(補語) | me = 受詞,dizzy = 補語 |
| Jennifer is a college professor. | professor 補充 Jennifer 的身份 | 補語 |
| I consider him my best friend. | him 承受「認為」的動作(受詞);friend 補充 him 的身份(補語) | him = 受詞,friend = 補語 |
| Nicky is from Australia. | from Australia 補充 Nicky 的國籍 | 補語 |
| I put the package on your desk. | package 承受「放」的動作(受詞);on your desk 補充位置(補語) | package = 受詞,on your desk = 補語 |
小訣竅:be 動詞沒有實質動作,後方成分一律是補語。主詞和受詞必須是名詞屬性;補語則詞性多元(形容詞、名詞、介系詞片語…… 皆可)。
介系詞片語是補語還是修飾語? 關鍵在「拿掉之後語意是否完整」:
- I put the package. → 不成立,put 一定要有地點 → on your desk 是必要的,算補語。
- Howard Street runs. → 成立 → through the middle of the town 是非必要的,只是修飾動作的副詞片語。
也就是說:必要 → 補語;非必要 → 修飾語。這是後面判斷句型時最容易搞混的地方。
# 二、五大句型
判斷句型時,先把句子中「非必要」的修飾成分(副詞、介系詞片語等)全部拿掉,只留下語意仍完整的最精簡結構。
# 1. SV(主詞+動詞)
動詞為不及物動詞,主詞+動詞即語意完整。
- We gather every Monday morning to discuss plans for the week. → 精簡後 We gather. 語意完整 → SV。(我們每週一早上都會聚在一起討論這週的計畫。)
注意:若誤把 gather 換成同義的副詞 together,句子就會缺少動詞而錯誤 —— 詞性不同不能互相替代。
- Bus fares increased in line with gasoline prices. → 精簡後 Bus fares increased. → SV。(公車票價隨油價調漲。)
- Amy is going to Los Angeles on business this week. → 精簡後 Amy is going. → SV。(Amy 這週要去洛杉磯出差。)
# 2. SVC(主詞+動詞+補語)
動詞後方須有成分補充說明主詞,才能語意完整。常見於 be 動詞及「連綴動詞」(seem, sound, become, remain… 等)。
- The new procedure seems unnecessarily complicated. → 精簡後 The new procedure seems complicated.(complicated 為形容詞補語,補充 procedure 的性質)→ SVC。
- Watching movies here is more comfortable (than at the cinema). → SVC(more comfortable 為形容詞片語補語)。
- Climate change has become a major global environmental issue. → SVC(become 為連綴動詞,issue 為補語,說明氣候變遷「變成」的樣貌,並非受詞)。
# 3. SVO(主詞+動詞+受詞)
動詞為及物動詞,後方承接受詞即語意完整。
- The information counter provided a local map (for visitors). → 精簡後 ...provided a local map. → SVO。
- Many participants (in the training program) showed some improvement. → 注意:介系詞片語 in the training program 不可能是主詞,真正主詞是更前面的 participants → 精簡後 Many participants showed some improvement. → SVO。
- She couldn't understand her mother-in-law (because of her strong accent). → SVO。
# 4. SVOC(主詞+動詞+受詞+補語)
受詞後方仍須有成分補充說明受詞,語意才完整。
- I consider Amanda my best friend. → 拿掉 my best friend 語意不全("我認為 Amanda" 沒說完)→ my best friend 補充 Amanda 的身份 → SVOC。
- Someone left the lights on (overnight). → on 補充 lights 被留下的狀態(開著)→ SVOC(overnight 為非必要時間副詞)。
- The repairman thought himself strong enough (to move the refrigerator). → strong enough 補充 himself 的狀態 → SVOC。(這類動詞稱為「不完全及物動詞」。)
# 5. SVOO(主詞+動詞+受詞+受詞)
「授予動詞」(give 類動詞,涉及傳遞 / 給予)後方接兩個受詞:一個接受者、一個被給予的物品。
- His girlfriend bought him a PS5 (for his birthday). → him、a PS5 皆為受詞 → SVOO。
- We'll give each participant a brochure. → SVOO。
- You must show the conductor your ticket (before boarding). → SVOO。
# 三、複合句型
當句子中有連接詞(如 and)把兩組以上的動詞片語串接、共享同一主詞時,就形成「複合句型」—— 本質上是多個基本句型的組合。
- Chris is very competent at his job and is well liked by his colleagues. → VC + VC,共享主詞 Chris。
- She was seated behind a tall man and could not clearly see the stage. → VC + VO,共享主詞 she。
- She got married 8 years ago and moved to Taiwan. → VC + V,共享主詞 she。(moved 是不及物動詞,to Taiwan 為修飾移動方向的介系詞片語,不是受詞。)
# 四、例句精讀分析
分析步驟:① 標出必要成分(S/V/O/C),判斷句型 ② 判斷其餘修飾語的詞性 / 片語種類與修飾對象 ③ 解讀語意。
示範例句: Website design is a field crowded with many small entrepreneurs trying to get rich.
- 必要成分:Website design(複合名詞,S)is(V,be 動詞)a field(C,補語)。
- 修飾語:trying to get rich 為現在分詞片語(形容詞),修飾 entrepreneurs;crowded with many small entrepreneurs trying to get rich 整體為過去分詞開頭的形容詞片語,修飾 field。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:網頁設計這個領域,充斥著許多想要致富的小型企業主。
1. A lot of assembly plants ask their employees to work long hours.
- 必要成分:assembly plants(S)ask(V)employees(O)to work long hours(C,補充要求員工做的事)。
- 句型:SVOC。
- 語意:許多組裝工廠會要求員工長時間工作。
2. Despite the recent economic recovery, many people are still looking for a job.
- 必要成分:people(S)are looking for(V)a job(O)。despite... 與 still 皆為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SVO。
- 語意:儘管近期經濟回升,許多人依然在找工作。
3. Sales of air conditioners have remained low due to the cold weather.
- 必要成分:sales(S,of air conditioners 為修飾語)have remained(V)low(C)。due to... 為非必要修飾語(原因)。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:因為天氣寒冷,冷氣機的銷售量持續低迷。
4. The country's exports decreased by 40% last month due to the global financial crisis.
- 必要成分:exports(S)decreased(V)。by 40%、last month、due to... 皆為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SV。
- 語意:本國的出口量上個月因全球金融危機而下降了 40%。
5. Compared with 20 years ago, home PCs are cheaper, faster, and have a much bigger memory.
- 必要成分:home PCs(S)are(V)cheaper, faster(C)+ have(V)memory(O),兩組動詞片語由 and 共享主詞。Compared with 20 years ago 為非必要形容詞片語(過去分詞開頭)。
- 句型:複合句型(VC + VO)。
- 語意:跟 20 年前相比,如今的家用電腦更便宜、速度更快、記憶體也大了許多。
6. Writing term papers and giving oral reports are typical course requirements for college students.
- 必要成分:writing... and giving...(兩組動名詞片語並列作 S)are(V)course requirements(C)。typical、for college students 為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SVC。
- 語意:寫學期報告以及上台口頭報告,都是大學生典型的課程要求。
7. The airline will offer passengers up to $500 compensation for lost luggage or damage to personal property.
- 必要成分:airline(S)will offer(V)passengers(O1)compensation(O2)。up to $500、for lost luggage... 為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SVOO。
- 語意:行李遺失或個人物品損毀時,航空公司會賠給乘客高達 500 元的賠償金。
8. Unemployment figures have dropped by about 2% every year for the last 4 years.
- 必要成分:unemployment figures(S)have dropped(V)。by about 2%、every year、for the last 4 years 皆為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SV。
- 語意:失業率數字過去四年來每年約下降 2%。
9. Howard Street runs through the middle of the town, parallel to Columbus Avenue.
- 必要成分:Howard Street(S)runs(V)。through the middle of the town、parallel to... 皆為非必要修飾語(Howard Street runs. 語意已完整,故非補語)。
- 句型:SV。
- 語意:Howard 街貫穿整個城鎮的中央,和 Columbus 街平行。
10. The person with the highest performance evaluation deserves the employee of the year award.
- 必要成分:person(S,with the highest performance evaluation 為修飾語)deserves(V)the employee of the year award(O)。
- 句型:SVO。
- 語意:業績評比最高的人,應該得到年度最佳員工獎項。
11. The people organizing the exam will provide you with a pencil and an eraser.
- 必要成分:people(S,organizing the exam 為現在分詞形容詞片語修飾語)will provide(V)you(O)。with a pencil and an eraser 為修飾語(說明提供的內容,並非補充說明 you 的身分或狀態,故不是補語)。
- 句型:SVO。
- 語意:考試的籌辦方會提供給你鉛筆和橡皮擦。
12. Because of higher unemployment, the demand for new homes has dropped substantially since last year.
- 必要成分:demand(S,for new homes 為修飾語)has dropped(V)。because of...、substantially、since last year 皆為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SV。
- 語意:因為失業率上升,新房子的需求從去年起就大幅下降。
13. The police officer showed us pictures of drunk driving accidents to highlight the importance of staying sober on the road.
- 必要成分:officer(S)showed(V)us(O1)pictures(O2)。of drunk driving accidents、to highlight... 皆為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:SVOO。
- 語意:警察給我們看酒駕意外的照片,強調上路要保持清醒的重要性。
14. The company will cover any fees and arrange the necessary changes in your work schedule to accommodate the training.
- 必要成分:company(S)will cover(V)fees(O)+ arrange(V)changes(O),共享助動詞 will 與主詞 company。in your work schedule、to accommodate... 為非必要修飾語。
- 句型:複合句型(VO + VO)。
- 語意:公司將補貼所有費用,並對你的工作排程做必要調整,以配合訓練。
15. Every manager should plan an annual evaluation meeting with their employees to discuss their work efforts and negotiate their pay raise.
- 必要成分:manager(S)should plan(V)meeting(O)。with their employees 為修飾語;to discuss... and negotiate...(不定詞片語,兩動詞由 and 串接)為非必要修飾語,說明開會目的。
- 句型:SVO。
- 語意:每位經理都該規劃年度評鑑會議,與員工討論工作表現並商談加薪事宜。
# 五、重點整理
- 判斷句型的核心方法:先拿掉所有非必要的修飾語(副詞、介系詞片語等),只留下維持語意完整所需的最精簡成分。
- 五大句型:SV/SVC/SVO/SVOC/SVOO,取決於動詞是不及物、連綴動詞、及物動詞、不完全及物動詞,還是授予動詞。
- 主詞、受詞必為名詞屬性;補語詞性多元(形容詞、名詞、介系詞片語都可能)。
- 連接詞可將多組動詞片語(各自可能是完整的 V/VC/VO/VOC/VOO)串接、共享主詞,形成「複合句型」。
- 更大量的分析練習請見下一篇「一般句型分析練習」。