# 文法閱讀筆記 08:There Be 句型

# 一、have/has/had 的「有」 vs. there be 的「有」

中文的「有」對應到英文其實有兩種完全不同的概念:

概念 用法 例句
所屬關係/擁有 have / has / had I have two cell phones.(手機屬於我)/The house has five bedrooms.(臥室屬於房子)
存在於某時某地 there be There are two magazines on the table.(雜誌存在於桌上,並非桌子擁有雜誌)

絕對不能混用:

  • The table has two magazines.(桌子並不「擁有」雜誌 → 應為存在句)
  • The classroom has five students.(教室並不「擁有」學生 → 應為存在句 There are five students in the classroom.)

有時同一件事可以從兩個角度描述:

  • The jacket has a hidden pocket inside.(口袋是外套的一部分,擁有關係)
  • There is a hidden pocket on the inside of the jacket.(口袋存在於外套內側,存在關係)

# 二、be 動詞的單複數:與後方名詞一致

There be 句型中,be 動詞的單複數要跟隨其後方的名詞:

  • There is a pillow on the bed. / There are pillows on the bed.
  • There was a dishwasher here before. / There were over 30 participants for the seminar.

兩個以上名詞由連接詞串接時,採「就近原則」(以最靠近 be 動詞的那個名詞決定單複數):

  • There is a vase and some glasses on the shelf.(a vase 離動詞最近,單數)
  • There are some glasses and a vase on the shelf.(對調後变複數)
  • There was garbage and other items blocking the door.(garbage 為不可數,視為單數)

複數名詞若被視為一個整體(金額/時間區段),仍用單數:

  • There's still $500 to pay.(一筆金額,視為單數)
  • There's 90 minutes of news each Sunday morning.(一段時間,視為單數)

# 三、不同時態下的 there be

時態 單數 複數 例句
現在簡單式 there is there are There are a lot of letters in the mailbox.
過去簡單式 there was there were There was a furniture truck in front of the house.
現在完成式 there has been there have been There has been considerable growth in the overseas travel market./There have been some problems with our website since May.
過去完成式 there had been(單複數皆同) There had been over 12 murders in the past 3 years before the case.
未來式(will) there will be(單複數皆同,will 為助動詞須接原形 be) There will be drinks and snacks for everyone.
未來式(be going to) there is going to be there are going to be Apparently there is going to be a typhoon this weekend./There are going to be some serious consequences for his action.

# 四、否定句與疑問句

否定:在 be 動詞 / 助動詞後加 not,並將 a /some 改為 no 或 not...any:

  • There is a link between insomnia and this type of disorder. → There is no link between insomnia and this kind of disorder.
  • There have been some solutions to the Europe debt crisis. → There has not been any solution to the Europe debt crisis.

疑問句:be 動詞 / 助動詞提前到句首(不確定數量的 some 改為 any):

  • There'll be some activities for children under 12. → Will there be any activities for children under 12?
  • There are 150 seats in each auditorium. → How many seats are there in each auditorium?

# 五、老師的觀點:there 才是真正的主詞

主流教法通常把 there be 視為動詞片語,後方名詞當作主詞(因為動詞單複數隨它變化)。但老師提出不同看法:there 才是句子真正的(虛)主詞,後方名詞只是補語,用來賦予 there 明確的語意(單複數也因此隨之改變)。理由:

  1. 附加問句:There's a restaurant on the second floor, isn't there?(用 there 附加提問,而非 isn't it)
  2. 簡答:Is there enough memory in the computer? → Yes, there is.(不會說 Yes, it is)

老師強調這只是他個人的分析角度,重點是能讀懂、且自己使用時不要出錯。


# 六、常見錯誤提醒

  1. there 不能和 have/has 混用:
    • There have five students in the classroom.
    • There has a cell phone on the desk.
  2. there 不等於中文的「那裡」,它本身不具語意:
    • There are many TVs in here.(這裡有很多台電視,不是「那裡/這裡」的意思)
    • Here in Peru, there is a serious long-term unemployment problem.(句首已經用 here 限定地點,可見 there 不可能又是「那裡」)
  3. 雙重動詞問題:there be 句型中,be 動詞後方不能再接另一個完整動詞(除非有連接詞或轉為分詞):
    • There are some strangers stand by my car. → 改法一:Some strangers are standing by my car.(捨棄 there be);改法二:There are some strangers standing by my car.(stand 改為現在分詞)
    • There will be several parking spaces are reserved for the guest speakers. → 改法一:Several parking spaces will be reserved for the guest speakers.;改法二:There will be several parking spaces reserved for the guest speakers.(reserved 改為過去分詞)

# 七、例句精讀分析

示範例句: There's an office building on Lexington Street, directly opposite the train station.

  • 片語:on Lexington Street 修飾 office building(形容詞,位置);directly opposite the train station 為介系詞片語,directly 修飾整組片語,強調「正對面」,修飾 office building(形容詞)。
  • 時態:現在簡單式(常態描述)。
  • 語意:Lexington 街上、火車站正對面,有一棟辦公大樓。

1. Is there a time limit for using these vouchers?

  • 片語:for using these vouchers 修飾 time limit(形容詞)。
  • 時態:現在簡單式;is 提前 → Yes/No 問句。
  • 語意:這些兌換券有使用期限嗎?

2. There are plenty of opportunities for promotion within the company.

  • 片語:plenty of=片語形容詞(許多),修飾 opportunities;for promotion、within the company 修飾 opportunities(形容詞)。
  • 時態:現在簡單式(常態)。
  • 語意:公司內部有很多升遷的機會。

3. Between 2002 and 2005, there was a growth in the rate of inflation.

  • 片語:between 2002 and 2005 修飾全句(副詞,時間);in the rate of inflation 修飾 growth(形容詞)。
  • 時態:過去簡單式。
  • 語意:2002 至 2005 年間,通貨膨脹率有所增長。

4. There's going to be a lot of traffic on Saturday due to the carnival parade.

  • 片語:a lot of=片語形容詞,修飾 traffic;on Saturday、due to the carnival parade 修飾 traffic(形容詞)。
  • 時態:未來式(be going to)。
  • 語意:由於嘉年華遊行的關係,週六將會有大量車潮。

5. There were no airplanes, no trains, no carts, and no roads to California in 1849.

  • 片語:四組由 no 修飾的名詞片語由 and 串接,共享後方 to California 的介系詞片語;in 1849 修飾全句(副詞,時間)。
  • 時態:過去簡單式。
  • 語意:1849 年當時,去加州沒有飛機、沒有火車、沒有馬車,連道路都還沒有。

6. There's no service charge at the box office, and ticket prices include parking.

  • 結構:前句為 there be 存在句(at the box office 修飾 service charge,形容詞);後句為 SVO(ticket prices 為主詞,include 為動詞,parking 為受詞)。兩句由 and 連接。
  • 時態:現在簡單式(常態)。
  • 語意:售票處不收服務費,而且停車費也包含在票價裡。

7. There has been an increased crime rate in the slums to the east of the town.

  • 片語:in the slums to the east of the town 為一整組介系詞片語(副詞,說明地點);increased(過去分詞)修飾 crime rate,作補語。
  • 時態:現在完成式(強調持續狀態)。
  • 語意:城鎮東邊的貧民窟一帶,犯罪率一直持續上升。

8. In some countries, there is a mandatory death sentence for all drug traffickers.

  • 片語:in some countries 修飾全句(副詞,地點);for all drug traffickers 修飾 death sentence(形容詞)。
  • 時態:現在簡單式(常態)。
  • 語意:某些國家對所有毒販一律強制執行死刑。

9. There is relatively low unemployment in Tokyo compared to other big cities in the world.

  • 片語:relatively low unemployment in Tokyo 為名詞片語(補語);compared to other big cities in the world 為形容詞片語,修飾前方名詞片語,凸顯比較關係。
  • 時態:現在簡單式。
  • 語意:相較世界其他大城市,東京的失業率相對較低。

10. At the moment, there's a dispute between the workers and the management over wage increases.

  • 片語:at the moment 修飾全句(副詞,時間);between the workers and the management、over wage increases 皆修飾 dispute(形容詞,說明爭執的範圍與主題)。
  • 時態:現在簡單式。
  • 語意:此刻,工人和管理部門正為了工資上漲的問題發生爭執。

# 八、重點整理

  • have/has/had=所屬的「有」;there be=存在的「有」,兩者絕不能混用或互換。
  • there be 中 be 動詞的單複數看後方名詞(多個名詞則看最近的那個;金額 / 時間區段視為單數)。
  • there be 有完整的時態變化:簡單式、完成式、未來式(will be /going to be)。
  • 否定句:加 not,並將 some/a 改為 no 或 any;疑問句:be / 助動詞提前,some 改為 any。
  • 老師認為 there 本身才是(虛)主詞,後方名詞是補語 —— 可用附加問句與簡答的用法驗證。
  • 常見錯誤:there 與 have 混用、把 there 誤譯為「那裡」、be 動詞後方誤接另一個完整動詞(雙動詞錯誤)。