# 文法閱讀筆記 08:There Be 句型
# 一、have/has/had 的「有」 vs. there be 的「有」
中文的「有」對應到英文其實有兩種完全不同的概念:
| 概念 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 所屬關係/擁有 | have / has / had | I have two cell phones.(手機屬於我)/The house has five bedrooms.(臥室屬於房子) |
| 存在於某時某地 | there be | There are two magazines on the table.(雜誌存在於桌上,並非桌子擁有雜誌) |
絕對不能混用:
The table has two magazines.(桌子並不「擁有」雜誌 → 應為存在句)The classroom has five students.(教室並不「擁有」學生 → 應為存在句 There are five students in the classroom.)
有時同一件事可以從兩個角度描述:
- The jacket has a hidden pocket inside.(口袋是外套的一部分,擁有關係)
- There is a hidden pocket on the inside of the jacket.(口袋存在於外套內側,存在關係)
# 二、be 動詞的單複數:與後方名詞一致
There be 句型中,be 動詞的單複數要跟隨其後方的名詞:
- There is a pillow on the bed. / There are pillows on the bed.
- There was a dishwasher here before. / There were over 30 participants for the seminar.
兩個以上名詞由連接詞串接時,採「就近原則」(以最靠近 be 動詞的那個名詞決定單複數):
- There is a vase and some glasses on the shelf.(a vase 離動詞最近,單數)
- There are some glasses and a vase on the shelf.(對調後变複數)
- There was garbage and other items blocking the door.(garbage 為不可數,視為單數)
複數名詞若被視為一個整體(金額/時間區段),仍用單數:
- There's still $500 to pay.(一筆金額,視為單數)
- There's 90 minutes of news each Sunday morning.(一段時間,視為單數)
# 三、不同時態下的 there be
| 時態 | 單數 | 複數 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 現在簡單式 | there is | there are | There are a lot of letters in the mailbox. |
| 過去簡單式 | there was | there were | There was a furniture truck in front of the house. |
| 現在完成式 | there has been | there have been | There has been considerable growth in the overseas travel market./There have been some problems with our website since May. |
| 過去完成式 | there had been(單複數皆同) | There had been over 12 murders in the past 3 years before the case. | |
| 未來式(will) | there will be(單複數皆同,will 為助動詞須接原形 be) | There will be drinks and snacks for everyone. | |
| 未來式(be going to) | there is going to be | there are going to be | Apparently there is going to be a typhoon this weekend./There are going to be some serious consequences for his action. |
# 四、否定句與疑問句
否定:在 be 動詞 / 助動詞後加 not,並將 a /some 改為 no 或 not...any:
- There is a link between insomnia and this type of disorder. → There is no link between insomnia and this kind of disorder.
- There have been some solutions to the Europe debt crisis. → There has not been any solution to the Europe debt crisis.
疑問句:be 動詞 / 助動詞提前到句首(不確定數量的 some 改為 any):
- There'll be some activities for children under 12. → Will there be any activities for children under 12?
- There are 150 seats in each auditorium. → How many seats are there in each auditorium?
# 五、老師的觀點:there 才是真正的主詞
主流教法通常把 there be 視為動詞片語,後方名詞當作主詞(因為動詞單複數隨它變化)。但老師提出不同看法:there 才是句子真正的(虛)主詞,後方名詞只是補語,用來賦予 there 明確的語意(單複數也因此隨之改變)。理由:
- 附加問句:There's a restaurant on the second floor, isn't there?(用 there 附加提問,而非 isn't it)
- 簡答:Is there enough memory in the computer? → Yes, there is.(不會說 Yes, it is)
老師強調這只是他個人的分析角度,重點是能讀懂、且自己使用時不要出錯。
# 六、常見錯誤提醒
- there 不能和 have/has 混用:
There have five students in the classroom.There has a cell phone on the desk.
- there 不等於中文的「那裡」,它本身不具語意:
- There are many TVs in here.(這裡有很多台電視,不是「那裡/這裡」的意思)
- Here in Peru, there is a serious long-term unemployment problem.(句首已經用 here 限定地點,可見 there 不可能又是「那裡」)
- 雙重動詞問題:there be 句型中,be 動詞後方不能再接另一個完整動詞(除非有連接詞或轉為分詞):
There are some strangers stand by my car.→ 改法一:Some strangers are standing by my car.(捨棄 there be);改法二:There are some strangers standing by my car.(stand 改為現在分詞)There will be several parking spaces are reserved for the guest speakers.→ 改法一:Several parking spaces will be reserved for the guest speakers.;改法二:There will be several parking spaces reserved for the guest speakers.(reserved 改為過去分詞)
# 七、例句精讀分析
示範例句: There's an office building on Lexington Street, directly opposite the train station.
- 片語:on Lexington Street 修飾 office building(形容詞,位置);directly opposite the train station 為介系詞片語,directly 修飾整組片語,強調「正對面」,修飾 office building(形容詞)。
- 時態:現在簡單式(常態描述)。
- 語意:Lexington 街上、火車站正對面,有一棟辦公大樓。
1. Is there a time limit for using these vouchers?
- 片語:for using these vouchers 修飾 time limit(形容詞)。
- 時態:現在簡單式;is 提前 → Yes/No 問句。
- 語意:這些兌換券有使用期限嗎?
2. There are plenty of opportunities for promotion within the company.
- 片語:plenty of=片語形容詞(許多),修飾 opportunities;for promotion、within the company 修飾 opportunities(形容詞)。
- 時態:現在簡單式(常態)。
- 語意:公司內部有很多升遷的機會。
3. Between 2002 and 2005, there was a growth in the rate of inflation.
- 片語:between 2002 and 2005 修飾全句(副詞,時間);in the rate of inflation 修飾 growth(形容詞)。
- 時態:過去簡單式。
- 語意:2002 至 2005 年間,通貨膨脹率有所增長。
4. There's going to be a lot of traffic on Saturday due to the carnival parade.
- 片語:a lot of=片語形容詞,修飾 traffic;on Saturday、due to the carnival parade 修飾 traffic(形容詞)。
- 時態:未來式(be going to)。
- 語意:由於嘉年華遊行的關係,週六將會有大量車潮。
5. There were no airplanes, no trains, no carts, and no roads to California in 1849.
- 片語:四組由 no 修飾的名詞片語由 and 串接,共享後方 to California 的介系詞片語;in 1849 修飾全句(副詞,時間)。
- 時態:過去簡單式。
- 語意:1849 年當時,去加州沒有飛機、沒有火車、沒有馬車,連道路都還沒有。
6. There's no service charge at the box office, and ticket prices include parking.
- 結構:前句為 there be 存在句(at the box office 修飾 service charge,形容詞);後句為 SVO(ticket prices 為主詞,include 為動詞,parking 為受詞)。兩句由 and 連接。
- 時態:現在簡單式(常態)。
- 語意:售票處不收服務費,而且停車費也包含在票價裡。
7. There has been an increased crime rate in the slums to the east of the town.
- 片語:in the slums to the east of the town 為一整組介系詞片語(副詞,說明地點);increased(過去分詞)修飾 crime rate,作補語。
- 時態:現在完成式(強調持續狀態)。
- 語意:城鎮東邊的貧民窟一帶,犯罪率一直持續上升。
8. In some countries, there is a mandatory death sentence for all drug traffickers.
- 片語:in some countries 修飾全句(副詞,地點);for all drug traffickers 修飾 death sentence(形容詞)。
- 時態:現在簡單式(常態)。
- 語意:某些國家對所有毒販一律強制執行死刑。
9. There is relatively low unemployment in Tokyo compared to other big cities in the world.
- 片語:relatively low unemployment in Tokyo 為名詞片語(補語);compared to other big cities in the world 為形容詞片語,修飾前方名詞片語,凸顯比較關係。
- 時態:現在簡單式。
- 語意:相較世界其他大城市,東京的失業率相對較低。
10. At the moment, there's a dispute between the workers and the management over wage increases.
- 片語:at the moment 修飾全句(副詞,時間);between the workers and the management、over wage increases 皆修飾 dispute(形容詞,說明爭執的範圍與主題)。
- 時態:現在簡單式。
- 語意:此刻,工人和管理部門正為了工資上漲的問題發生爭執。
# 八、重點整理
- have/has/had=所屬的「有」;there be=存在的「有」,兩者絕不能混用或互換。
- there be 中 be 動詞的單複數看後方名詞(多個名詞則看最近的那個;金額 / 時間區段視為單數)。
- there be 有完整的時態變化:簡單式、完成式、未來式(will be /going to be)。
- 否定句:加 not,並將 some/a 改為 no 或 any;疑問句:be / 助動詞提前,some 改為 any。
- 老師認為 there 本身才是(虛)主詞,後方名詞是補語 —— 可用附加問句與簡答的用法驗證。
- 常見錯誤:there 與 have 混用、把 there 誤譯為「那裡」、be 動詞後方誤接另一個完整動詞(雙動詞錯誤)。